A Study of the Slave and Palm Produce Trade amongst the Ngwa-Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria. - article ; n°91 ; vol.23, pg 311-328

J. N.Oriji

Description

Cahiers d'études africaines - Année 1983 - Volume 23 - Numéro 91 - Pages 311-328
18 pages
Source : Persée ; Ministère de la jeunesse, de l’éducation nationale et de la recherche, Direction de l’enseignement supérieur, Sous-direction des bibliothèques et de la documentation.

Sujets

• Sociologie, société et politique

Informations

• Publié par: CAHIERS_D-ETUDES_AFRICAINES
• Publié le: 01 janvier 1983
• Nombre de lectures: 255
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

M. J. N. Oriji
A Study of the Slave and Palm Produce Trade amongst the
Ngwa-Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria.
In: Cahiers d'études africaines. Vol. 23 N°91. 1983. pp. 311-328.
Résumé
J. N. Oriji — Traite des esclaves et commerce de l'huile et du palmiste chez les Ngwa-Igbo du sud-est du Nigeria.
Le passage, au XIXe siècle, de la traite négrière au « commerce légitime » (palmiste et huile de palme) a provoqué une
révolution socio-économique dont les effets n'ont guère été étudiés que dans les sociétés côtières. L'auteur décrit la
réorganisation commerciale chez un peuple de l'intérieur, en insistant sur le rôle joué par les associations politico-religieuses
dans la mise en place et le fonctionnement tant de la production que des réseaux d'évacuation.
Citer ce document / Cite this document :
Oriji J. N. A Study of the Slave and Palm Produce Trade amongst the Ngwa-Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria. In: Cahiers d'études
africaines. Vol. 23 N°91. 1983. pp. 311-328.
doi : 10.3406/cea.1983.2249
http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/cea_0008-0055_1983_num_23_91_2249Oriji
Study of the Slave
and Palm Produce Trade
amongst the Ngwa-Igbo
of Southeastern Nigeria
known order each which nearly and pated production study much eastern researches of paper The will linked first the Using palm be decade replaced igth derived to of will has actively economic the changed about three Nigeria made coastal shed these produce the examine century been peoples focused various and of from hundred some the groups with Ngwa-Igbo to in towns from distribution history written Igbo international differentiate the igth trade of marked light on ecological legitimate may West slave of and organization years the century of onto about enrich West of It other coastal Africa trade and of eastern the southeastern will watershed zones slaves commerce trade the export Africa palm groups our impacts identify to exported of towns internal by slave knowledge Delta in constituted legitimate trade produce before commodities the in then of in trade the or during Nigeria which i8th international between West overseas economy vegetable the State major hinterland trade In and was commerce the colonial African addition were as sharpen systems.2 gradually will the trade igth major period The of an But oils.1 engaged Igbo be trade those period which example centuries history profits routes most our as discussed an of commodity hinterland Although abolished from in the Little societies attempt analysis partici in of south which slave this For the in is
For information on the slave trade and its abolition see WILLIAMS 1964 154-
DIKE 1956 24-96 and HOPKINS 1973 87-116
As examples see DIKE 1956 24-127 and HOPKINS 1973 58-64 See also
LATHAM 1973 25-39 and MEILLASSOUX 1971 49-60
Cahiers tudes africaines 91 )8 pp yi-yS 312 ORIJI
MAP Ngwaland
Location and Ecological Background
The Ngwa are said to constitute the largest clan in southeastern Nigeria
They occupy an area of about 512.8 square miles enclosed by latitude
and 30 and longitude and see Map 3 and their popu
lation 1963 was estimated to be 314840 people Ngwaland is bounded
on the west by the Imo river and from that river the northern section
now known as Isiala-Ngwa stretches to the east until it joins the Ahi
Information obtained from the Survey Division of the Ministry of Town
Planning Enugu in 1971 The figures do not include the size and population
of Ngwa towns in Aba township SLAVE AND PALM PRODUCE TRADE IN SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA 313
river about two miles east of the Oloko-Umuahia road The eastern
boundary runs roughly northeastwards and joins the s-land
which separates the Ngwa from the Anang Ibibio Northwards and
adjacent to the Ntigha and Nsulu village groups are the Ubakala
Olokoro clans The northeastern neighbors of the Ngwa are the Isuorgu
and westwards the Imo river which separates them from the Mbaise
also serves as boundary between them and the Omuma-Etche clans
The Asa and Ndokki clans share common border with the Ngwa in the
south Oriji 1977 11-50 Allen 1933)
Because of their location in the southeastern peripheral region of
Igboland the Ngwa were able to establish commercial ties with the
middlemen on the eastern Delta before many other groups of the hinter
land As will be noted later they exported slaves during the period of
the transatlantic trade and subsequently became major producers and
merchants of palm oil and kernels The pattern of traine in the i8th
and i9th centuries will show how the Ngwa changed from highly
exclusive trade in slaves to legitimate commerce which broadened their
base of participation in the international exchange economy
The Okonko Secret Society and the Aro Trade Network
the i8th Century
It is difficult to understand the pattern of traffic in Ngwaland in the
i8th century without discussing the role the Aro played in the trans
atlantic slave trade According to Ukwu 1967 651-652 and Ekejiuba
1972 13-15) long-distance exchanges amongst the Aro began in the
second half of the i7th century It appears that they used the early
phase of their involvement in the overseas trade to compete with other
groups which had dominated that activity4 and to consolidate their
position in the Igbo hinterland where from the first decades of the
i8th century they had emerged as the leading long-distance traders
Although his work has aroused some controversy Curtin did note that
the demand for slaves from the Bight of Biafra increased greatly at
time he showed 1971 267 that the total number of slaves the English
and French shipped from that region alone from 1711 to 1810 amounted
to 823700 or 25.1 of the total number of slaves they exported from
Africa during the same period.5 The high demand for slaves had far-
reaching consequences in southeastern Nigeria It created the need for
the Aro to expand their commercial operations from Aro-Chukwu and
have studied other groups which dominated the overseas trade before the Aro
They include agents of Kamanu oracle at Ozuzu and of Igwe-ka-Ala at Umun-
neoha see ORIJI 1977 161-175)
estimates have been criticized by RODNEY 1972 103-124 For my
critique of his estimates see ORIJI 1977 180-214 314 ORIJI
its environs which were connected with the port of Old Calabar to
different parts of Igboland.6
The Aro expansion was also occasioned by the emergence of Bonny as
the leading slave market in the Bight of Biafra in the i8th century In
order to be able to sell slaves from the Igbo hinterland to Bonny middle
men the Aro established trade network linking the hinterland to the
eastern Delta see Map 2)
LABORATOIRE DE GiUPHiOUS EHH
trade routes in lg waland during the Aro oracular trade
credit and produce buying centers
MAP Trade routes in Ngwaland during the Aro oracular trade
Evidence from oral traditions suggests that they came to dominate
long-distance trade in Ngwaland as result of their links with leading
Okonko members.7 According to Jones 1963 19-23) Okonko was
VANSINA 1962 375-388 has distinguished between local regional and long
distance trade Network merchants are usually linked to major exchange
centers along trade routes by their partners or agents see MEILLASSOUX 1971
71-74
Some of my informants include Kanu Gogo president of Okonko society
Ngwa-Ukwu village group Ama priest of earth deity of Obikabia village
and Njoku president of Okonko society Umuchima village These inter
views as well as those hereinafter were conducted in 1976. AND PALM PRODUCE TRADE IN SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA 315 SLAVE
derived from the Ekpe society of the Enk-Ibibio.8 Ekpe originated from
the Ekoi area and by the early i8th century it had spread to the Cross
river estuary During the same period Ekpe might have diffused into
Aro-Chukwu neighboring region where it was known as Okonko It
was from Aro-Chukwu that Okonko spread to other parts of Igboland
and members of the society occasionally call it Ekpe-Aro to emphasize
its Aro origins.9
Founders of the Okonko society were associated with the Long-Ju
oracle of the Aro Chukwu As Ottenberg 1958 304 has pointed out
pilgrims to Aro-Chukwu expected the oracle to solve their problems
connected with poor crops continued illness epidemics and lack of
children In addition the Long-Juju was recognized as court of appeal
not only in southeastern Nigeria but in parts of the Middle Belt region
in northern Nigeria Communities therefore referred difficult cases
which might threaten their stability to the oracle for arbitration ibid.
303-306 But when case was referred to the Long-Juju leaders of
community usually appointed few local traders with some experience
in travelling to accompany litigants to Aro-Chukwu they were expected
to inform their leaders about the decisions of the oracle when they
returned home.10
In order to strengthen their relations with the local traders the Aro
received them hospitably They gave their leader symbol of the
oracle Ihu-Chukwu so that he could act as its agent in his area
local agent of the Long-Juju received fees from people of different
communities who wanted him to accompany them to Aro-Chukwu In
additio