Self formed Cu-W functionally graded material created via powder segregation [Elektronische Ressource] / Dragana Janković Ilić

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Informations

• Publié par: universitat_des_saarlandes
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 14
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

SELF FORMED Cu - W
FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIAL
CREATED VIA POWDER SEGREGATION




DISSERTATION

Zur Erlangung des grades
des Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften
der Naturwissenschaftlich-Technischen Fakultät III Chemie, Pharmazie
und Werkstoffwissenshaften
der Universität des Saarlandes




Von
Dragana Jankovi ć Ili ć
Saarbrücken
2007





























Tag des Kolloquiums: 23.03.2007

Dekan: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Kaspar Hegetschweiler
Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Horst Philipp Beck, Universität des Saarlandes
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Rolf Clasen, Universität des Saarlandes
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Mücklich, Universität des Saarlandes
Dr. -Ing. Andrés Lasagni, Universität des Saarlandes
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Saarbrücker Reihe
Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik




Band 11





Self Formed Cu-W Functionally Graded Material
Created via Powder Segregation

Dragana Jankovi ć Ili ć




Herausgeber:
Prof.Dr.-Ing. Frank Mücklich

Prof.Dr.rer.nat. Walter Arnold
Prof.Dr.rer.nat. Ralf Busch
Prof.Dr.rer.nat. Rolf Clasen
Prof.Dr.-Ing. Stefan Diebels
Prof.Dr.rer.nat. Michael Kröning
Prof.Dr.-Ing. Frank Mücklich
Prof.Dr.rer.nat. Wulff Possart
Prof.Dr.rer.nat. Helmut Schmidt
Prof.Dr.rer.nat. Horst Vehoff

Shaker Verlag
Aachen 2008


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To
Jelena and Nenad
Јелени и Неши
v
Acknowledgments
I would like sincerely to acknowledge the help and encouragement of many individuals and
institutions during the work on this Ph.D. thesis.

• Prof. Dr. F. Mücklich for the given opportunity for research in an interesting field. His
scientific supervision, encouragement and support during the research.

• Prof. Dr. R. Clasen for reviewing the manuscript.

• Dr. J. Fiscina for his constant help during the work. Also, for enthusiastic discussions
concerning different aspects of the research, science, nature, and life in general.

• Dr. F. Soldera for constant support and friendship.

• DFG-Graduiertenkolleg, Projekt # III GK-GRK 232 / 2 ”Neue Hochleistungswerkstoffe
für effiziente Energienutzung” Saarbrücken, under leadership of Prof.Dr. R.Clasen
and Prof. Dr. W. Arnold, for the scholarship.

• Vin ča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia, for the given scientific leave to
conduct Ph.D studies.

• Dr. M. Mitkov (Department of Materials Science, Vin ča Institute of Nuclear Sciences)
for opportunity to conduct Ph.D work in Germany, her support and friendship.

• Dr. C. Gonzàlez-Oliver (CONICET-Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro.
8400S.C.de Bariloche) for his reviewing the manuscript, valuable suggestions and
constant support.

• M.Sc D. Ki ćevi ć, Dr. S. Boskovi ć, Dr. M. T. Jovanovi ć (Department of Materials
Science, Vin ča Institute of Nuclear Sciences) for encouragement and always
optimistic approach to the coming subjects.

• Dipl.-Ing. J. Schmauch and Dr, A. Tschope for their help regarding dilatometric
measurements. Dipl.Chem. M. Sauer (INM, Saarbrücken) for help during dilatometric
experiments. J. Schwarz and P. Kohl for help in doing many repairs when necessary.
Dr. Rabe and Dr. A. Koka (Fraunhofer Institut for Nondestructive Testing,
Saarbrücken) for ultrasonic test. Co-workers in workshops in Bild. 43 and 22,
particularly, H.J.Jakoby and especially P. Limbach. D. Hohnerlein for his great help
with metallorgaphical specimen preparation, mechanical tests and for their
friendship.Dr. U. Schmidt for measurement of electrical resistivity.

• Dr. A. Lasagni for development of the “Aglomerado” software for the quantitative
determination of microstructural parameters, help by PVD of tungsten thin layer and
for interesting discussion and friendship.

• Dipl.-Ing. C. Gachot is greatly acknowledged for German translation of the abstracts.

• Many thanks go to all colleagues and friends from Functional Materials department
for their support and friendly work atmosphere, particularly to: C. Mass, B. Epstein, E.
Philip, W. Ott, C. Holzapfel

• Finally, I am greatly indebted to my husband Dr. Nenad Ili ć for his scientific help and
for encouraging me in the pursuit of my research and study during these years, in
addition to his love. Special thanks goes to my daughter, Jelena, for following mama’s
Ph.D with great interest. I would like also to thank to my parents, my brother and his
family and my parents in law for constant encouragement, motivation and love.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………xi
Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………....xii
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………. xvii

1. LITERATURE REVIEW ...........................................................................................1

1.1. Functionally graded materials .................................................................................3
1.1.1. Design and processing of functionally graded materials.............................3
1.1.2. Testing and characterization of functionally graded materials ..................4
1.1.3. Modeling of functionally graded materials .................................................4
1.1.4. Application of functionally graded materials .............................................4
1.1.5. Copper - tungsten functionally graded materials ......................................6

1.2. Granular media ...................................................................................................11
1.2.1. Granular media as an unusual state of matter ........................................11
1.2.2. Statics of granular media ........................................................................12
1.2.2.1. Geometry and packing of granular media ..................................12
1.2.2.2. Thermodynamics of granular media ...........................................13

1.2.3. Dynamics of granular media ...................................................................16
1.2.3.1. Relaxation behavior of granular media .......................................16
1.2.3.2. Size segregation .........................................................................19

1.3. Solid state sintering .............................................................................................32
1.3.1. Driving force for sintering ........................................................................32
1.3.2. Stages of sintering ..................................................................................35
1.3.3. Sintering of agglomerates .......................................................................36
1.3.4. Rearrangement process in solid state sintering ......................................37

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ...........................................................................39

2.1. Tungsten bimodal granular media preparation ...................................................39
2.2. Vibrational compaction ........................................................................................39
2.2.1. Principles of electrodynamic shaker performance ..................................41
2.3. Cold pressing ......................................................................................................42
2.4. Thermal treatment ...............................................................................................42
2.5. Infiltration ..........................................................................................................42
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2.6. Characterization techniques ................................................................................43
2.6.1. Density measurement and flow behavior of tungsten granular media ....43
2.6.2. Light microscopy and image analysis ....................................................44
2.6.3. Scanning electron microscopy ................................................................44
2.6.4. Electrical resistivity measurement ...........................................................44
2.6.5. Elastic modulus measurement ...............................................................44


3. RESULTS ..........................................................................................