Separation and purification of _1hn1_1hn1_1hn1In from irradiated cadmium targets by solid phase extraction (SPE) method for medical applications [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Farzaneh Ebrahimi Fakhari

Farzaneh Ebrahimi Fakkhari

Sujets

• Gesundheit

Informations

• Publié par: philipps-universitat_marburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 17
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

111Separation and Purification of In from Irradiated
Cadmium Targets by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)
Method for Medical Applications




Dissertation

zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften

Doctor rerum naturalium

(Dr.rer.nat.)




Dem Fachbereich Chemie

Der Philipps-Universitat Marburg





Vorgelegt von

Farzaneh Ebrahimi Fakhari

aus Iran




Marburg/Lahn 2006














Vom Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg als
Dissertation am 29.4.2006 angenommen.



Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. H. Jungclas
Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. W. Ensinger



Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 4.5.2006

















Acknowledgements

This project was undertaken under the direction of Professor H. Junglas at the Nuclear
Chemistry Section of the Department of Chemistry of Philipps University of Marburg. I
am most appreciative of the support that I received from Professor Junglas throughout
the course of this work. I learned many life lessons from working with Professor Junglas
of which I will always be mindful both in working with my own students and in interaction
with people in general.

I would like to express my gratitude to Professor W. Ensinger for the assignment of
interesting tasks, support and confidence in me during the trying times, and for the
valuable suggestions, which greatly contributed to the success of this work.

I would like to express sincere thanks to Dr. Steffen Happel for being instrumental in
getting this project started, for the crucial support and advice, friendship, and positive
feedback during the various stages of my work.

Many thanks to Professor M. Qaim, Head of the Nuclear Chemistry Department of
Julich Research Center for giving me the opportunity to work at the Julich Research
facility and have access to the Cyclotron. Special thanks are due to Dr. Bernhard
Scolten for his friendly manners and practical assistance on my work with a real sample
and use of the Cyclotron.

Many thanks to Dr. Martin Behe at the Department of Nuclear Medicine of Philipps
University for giving me the opportunity to experience and explore direct application of
my work in the field of Nuclear Medicine. Many thanks also to the research group of Dr.
Behe for the teamwork, support and cooperation, and above all, making me feel at
home.

This project would not have been possible without the cordial support of my colleagues
and staff of the Nuclear Chemistry Section of Philipps University.

I would like to thank Roman Stereng for his kind patience and willingness to partake in
solving unexpected problems, especially computer related problems. I learned a lot
more about computers from Roman.

I would like to express sincere appreciation and gratitude to A. Milz for his sense of
responsibility and camaraderie in helping me resolve unforeseen problems, especially
computer related problems.

I sincerely thank M. Bauerfeind for his utter honesty in answering my questions.

So many thanks to Elike Vaupel the secretary of the Section for her attentive and kind
efforts to solve any problem within her ability and beyond.
I am most grateful to Maria Nau whose congenial and gracious mannerism was a
revelation to me of a culture as hospitable as my own.

Thanks to Barabara Herrmann for her never failing compassion.

My most sincere thanks to Dr. Reza Zadmard, an Iranian member of the Research
Group of the Department of Analytical Chemistry of Phlipps University, for the insightful
and practical advice in solving unanticipated problems and for the renewed sense of
confidence in handling problems in a foreign country.

I am very grateful to the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences for making it
possible for me to pursue this research work toward a doctorate degree at the Philipps
University of Marburg.
















































My fondest thanks to my dearest friend Siamak Shafaghi, PE
(Professional Engineer) for the substantial editing and revision of
my writing, encouragement, patience and understanding, steadfast
spiritual and emotional support, and above all, unconditional
loving kindness which helped culminate this project.
















Special thanks to my mother and my father for their unconditional
love and support. They are the most loving and giving people I
have ever known. I owe them a debt of gratitude that I can never
repay. They gave me the opportunity and vision to pursue my
dreams.



































To my life inspiration

My sons

Idin and Samad















1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Background4
1.2 Medical uses of radioisotopes....................................................................... 4
1.3 Radioisotope production ............................................................................... 5
1.4 Diagnostic radionuclides 6
1.5 Therapeutic radionuclides............................................................................. 6
1.6 In-radioisotopes in different research............................................................ 8
1111.7 In production methods ............................................................................ 10
1111.8 In characteristics and medical applications............................................. 16
1111.9 In separation and purification methods ................................................... 17
1.9.1 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 18
1.9.2 Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) .............................................................. 19
1.10 Aim of this work........................................................................................... 20
2 Counting techniques ................................................................................... 21
2.1 Radiometry.................................................................................................. 21
2.1.1 Counting beta and electron emitters .................................................... 22
2.1.2 Counting electron capture................................................................... 22
2.2 Principle of LSC .......................................................................................... 22
2.2.1 Scintillation counting component ......................................................... 23
2.2.2 Photomultiplier ..................................................................................... 24
2.2.3 Energy transfer in liquid scintillation solutions...................................... 24
2.2.4 Energy transfer between solvent molecules ........................................ 27
2.2.5 Solvent molecule-scintillator Energy transfer....................................... 27
2.2.6 Fluorescence ....................................................................................... 28
2.3 Background................................................................................................. 29
2.3.1 Luminescence effect............................................................................ 31
2.3.1.1 Chemoluminescence................................................................... 31
2.3.1.2 Photence..................................................................... 31
2.4 Quench effect.............................................................................................. 32
2.4.1 Electron capture (photon quenching)................................................... 33
2.4.2 Color quenching................................................................................... 33
2.4.3 Concentration quenching 33
2.4.4 Chemical quenching 33
2.4.5 Phase quenching ................................................................................. 34
2.5 Quench correction methods........................................................................ 34
2.5.1 Internal standard method 35
2.5.2 Sample Channels Ratio (Non-standard method) ................................. 35
2.5.3 External standard 36
2.6 Pulse Shape Discrimination 37
2.7 Structure of the