Source identification of trichloroacetic acid with preparative capillary gas chromatography and accelerator mass spectrometry [Elektronische Ressource] / Kamila Jakubowska-Świtaj

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• Publié par: universitat_bayreuth
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 200
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

University of Bayreuth
Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology




Source identification of trichloroacetic acid
with preparative capillary gas chromatography
and accelerator mass spectrometry





Dissertation
Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Geosciences
University of Bayreuth


Kamila Jakubowska-Świtaj


Bayreuth, 2006



Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Zeitraum von August 2001 bis Februar 2005 im
Arbeitskreis von Herrn Prof. Dr. Hartmut Frank am Lehrstuhl für Umweltchemie und
Ökotoxikologie der Universität Bayreuth angefertigt.


Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und
Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth zur Erlangung des akademischen
Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation.





Einreicherung der Dissertation: 28.02.2006
Zulassung durch die Promotionskommission: 15.03.2006
Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium: 16.10.2006



Prof. Dr. H. Frank 1. Gutachter
Prof. Dr. C. Unverzagt 2. Gutachter
Prof. Dr. C. Zetzsch Vorsitzender
Prof. Dr. B. Huwe
Prof. Dr. E. Matzner
























For Paweł




Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to Prof. Dr. Hartmut Frank for guidance and stimulating discussions
throughout the whole project.

For scientific discussions and a lot of interesting ideas I thank Dr. Radomir Čabala,
Dr. Silke Gerstmann, and Dr. Michael Reissinger.

I thank Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kretschmer, Andreas Scharf, and Dr. Thomas Uhl for their
productive cooperation in realizing the project.

Financial support of the Federal Environmental Agency (UBA, Germany) is acknowl-
edged.

For active support in the laboratory I thank Elke Bär, Agnes Bednorz, Manuela
Hollmach, Joanna Pająk, and especially the co-worker who spent very long hours on
preparing samples - Benjamin Schmidt.

The assistance of Dr. Radomir Čabala, Prof. Dr. Yafeng Guan, Dr. Xueliang Liu,
Dr. Michael Reissinger, and Benjamin Schmidt in taking samples is greatly
appreciated.

I also would like to express my gratitude to Jochen Beck, Dr. Eugen Christoph, Petra
Gros, Dr. Ibrahem Hasan, Ingrid Hilpert, Huong Thu Thi Ngo, Dagmar Keis-Leichner,
Franziska Knabe, Petra Kopeckă, Irmgard Lauterbach, Urte Lübcke-von-Varel, Katja
Poxleitner, Dr. Elżbieta Przyk, Abed Abdel Qader, Dr. Cristina Schön-Velasco,
Monika Suchocka, Wolfgang Weigl, Anna Weremiuk, Stefan Will, Joanna Znaleziona,
and Manal el Zohary for providing a good working atmosphere, as well as Prof. Jacek
Namieśnik and Ligia Zasławska from Gdańsk University of Technology for
supporting.

Last but not least I appreciate the assistance of Brigitte Wittmann from the library, as
well as that of the co-workers from the mechanical and glassblowing workshop.


I
Contents
1. Introduction .........................................................................................................1
2. Objectives of the thesis.......................................................................................3
3. TCA in the environment ......................................................................................4
3.1 Application and sources of TCA....................................................................4
3.1.1 Formation of TCA from tetrachloroethene..............................................5
3.1.2 Formation of TCA from 1,1,1-trichloroethane.........................................6
3.1.3 Suggested natural formation of TCA......................................................7
3.2 Environmental concentrations of TCA...........................................................9
3.3 Physico-chemical properties of TCA ...........................................................11
3.4 Toxicity of TCA............................................................................................12
3.4.1 Ecotoxicology.......................................................................................12
3.4.2 Mammalian toxicity ..............................................................................13
3.5 Analytical methods for haloacetate analysis in the environment .................14
3.5.1 Gas chromatography/electron capture detection (GC/ECD) ................14
3.5.2 Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) .............................15
3.5.3 Capillary electrophoresis (CE) .............................................................15
3.5.4 Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)...........................16
3.5.5 Supported-liquid-membrane micro-extraction/high-performance liquid
chromatography/UV detection (SLMME/HPLC/UV) .............................17
3.5.6 Ion chromatography (IC) ......................................................................17
3.5.7 Sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) membrane......18
3.6 Derivatization methods................................................................................18
3.6.1 1-Pentafluorophenyl-diazoethane (PFPDE).........................................18
3.6.2 2,4-Difluoroaniline (DFA) .....................................................................19
3.6.3 Acidified methanol................................................................................19
3.6.4 Diazomethane......................................................................................20
3.6.5 Dimethylsulfate ....................................................................................21
3.6.6 Pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr) ....................................................21
14
4. C isotope (radiocarbon)..................................................................................22
4.1 Origin and distribution of radiocarbon .........................................................22
4.2 Environmental science application of the radiocarbon method ...................24
4.3 Equipment used for radiocarbon measurement ..........................................24
4.3.1 Gas proportional counting....................................................................24
II
4.3.2 Liquid scintillation (LS) counting.......................................................... 25
4.3.3 Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)................................................ 26
5. Kovats retention index...................................................................................... 30
6. Experimental work............................................................................................ 32
6.1 Chemicals and equipment .......................................................................... 32
6.1.1 Chemicals............................................................................................ 32
6.1.2 Equipment ........................................................................................... 33
6.2 Sampling site selection............................................................................... 36
6.3 Cleaning of glassware and PP-equipment, removal of contaminants......... 41
6.4 Quantitative determination of TCA in soil ................................................... 41
6.5 Optimization of soil extraction process ....................................................... 44
6.5.1 Selection of extraction agent ............................................................... 44
6.5.2 Optimization of extraction time ............................................................ 45
6.5.3 Optimization of the number of extraction steps ................................... 46
6.6 Calculation of Kovats index ........................................................................ 46
6.6.1 Soil sample preparation....................................................................... 47
6.7 Identification of co-eluting compounds ....................................................... 48
6.8 Isolation of TCA from soil ........................................................................... 49
6.8.1 Soil sample preparation....................................................................... 49
6.8.2 Blank sample preparation.................................................................... 52
6.9 Preparative capillary-gas chromatography (PC-GC) .................................. 52
6.9.1 PC-GC separation ............................................................................... 52
6.9.2 Purification of TCA in soil extracts....................................................... 54
6.10 Sample preparation for AMS ...................................................................... 54
7. Results and discussion..................................................................................... 57
7.1 Quality assurance....................................................................................... 57
7.1.1 Limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision............................... 57
7.1.2 Total error calculation.......................................................................... 57