The construction of TRIGA-TRAP and direct high-precision Penning trap mass measurements on rare-earth elements and americium [Elektronische Ressource] / Jens Ketelaer
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The construction of TRIGA-TRAP and direct high-precision Penning trap mass measurements on rare-earth elements and americium [Elektronische Ressource] / Jens Ketelaer

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The construction of Triga-Trap and direct high-precisionPenning trap mass measurementson rare-earth elements and americiumDissertationzur Erlangung des Grades\Doktor der Naturwissenschaften"am Fachbereich 08 Physik, Mathematik und Informatikder Johannes Gutenberg-Universit at in MainzJens Ketelaergeboren in Bingen am RheinMainz, den 14.06.2010Tag der mundlic hen Prufung: 23.09.2010The construction of Triga-Trap and direct high-precision Penning trap mass measurementson rare-earth elements and americium:Nuclear masses are an important quantity to study nuclear structure since they re ect the sum of all nucleonicinteractions. Many experimental possibilities exist to precisely measure masses, out of which the Penningtrap is the tool to reach the highest precision. Moreover, absolute mass measurements can be performed usingcarbon, the atomic-mass standard, as a reference. The new double-Penning trap mass spectrometer Triga-Trap has been installed and commissioned within this thesis work, which is the very rst experimental setupof this kind located at a nuclear reactor. New technical developments have been carried out such as a reliablenon-resonant laser ablation ion source for the production of carbon cluster ions and are still continued, likea non-destructive ion detection technique for single-ion measurements. Neutron-rich ssion products willbe available by the reactor that are important for nuclear astrophysics, especially the r-process.

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Publié le 01 janvier 2010
Nombre de lectures 16
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 5 Mo

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The construction of Triga-Trap and direct high-precision
Penning trap mass measurements
on rare-earth elements and americium
Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Grades
\Doktor der Naturwissenschaften"
am Fachbereich 08 Physik, Mathematik und Informatik
der Johannes Gutenberg-Universit at in Mainz
Jens Ketelaer
geboren in Bingen am Rhein
Mainz, den 14.06.2010Tag der mundlic hen Prufung: 23.09.2010The construction of Triga-Trap and direct high-precision Penning trap mass measurements
on rare-earth elements and americium:
Nuclear masses are an important quantity to study nuclear structure since they re ect the sum of all nucleonic
interactions. Many experimental possibilities exist to precisely measure masses, out of which the Penning
trap is the tool to reach the highest precision. Moreover, absolute mass measurements can be performed using
carbon, the atomic-mass standard, as a reference. The new double-Penning trap mass spectrometer Triga-
Trap has been installed and commissioned within this thesis work, which is the very rst experimental setup
of this kind located at a nuclear reactor. New technical developments have been carried out such as a reliable
non-resonant laser ablation ion source for the production of carbon cluster ions and are still continued, like
a non-destructive ion detection technique for single-ion measurements. Neutron-rich ssion products will
be available by the reactor that are important for nuclear astrophysics, especially the r-process. Prior to
the on-line coupling to the reactor, Triga-Trap already performed o -line mass measurements on stable
and long-lived isotopes and will continue this program. The main focus within this thesis was on certain
rare-earth nuclides in the well-established region of deformation around N 90. Another eld of interest
are mass measurements on actinoids to test mass models and to provide direct links to the mass standard.
241Within this thesis, the mass of Am could be measured directly for the rst time.
Der Aufbau von Triga-Trap und direkte Hochprazisions-Penningfallen-Massenmessungen an
seltenen Erden und Americium:
Kernmassen sind eine wichtige Gr o e zur Untersuchung der Kernstruktur, da sie die Summe aller Wechsel-
wirkungen im Atomkern widerspiegeln. Es gibt viele M oglichkeiten zur praz isen Massenmessung unter denen
die Penningfalle die h ochste Pr azision erreicht. Darub er hinaus k onnen damit absolute Massenmessungen
unter Verwendung des atomaren Massenstandards Kohlensto als Referenz durchgefuhrt werden. Im Rah-
men dieser Arbeit wurde das neue Doppel-Penningfallen-MassenspektrometerTriga-Trap aufgebaut und in
Betrieb genommen. Diese Anlage stellt die erste dieser Art an einem Kernreaktor dar. Zahlreiche technische
Neuentwicklungen wurden get atigt, darunter eine verl assliche nicht-resonante Laser-Ablations-Ionenquelle zur
Erzeugung von Kohlensto -Cluster-Ionen, und werden fortgefuh rt, wie z.B. ein zerst orungsfreier Ionennach-
weis fur Messungen mit einzelnen Teilchen. Durch den Forschungsreaktor Triga Mainz erh alt Triga-Trap
Zugang zu neutronenreichen Spaltprodukten, die in der Kern-Astrophysik im Rahmen des r-Prozesses von
Bedeutung sind. Vor der Ankopplung an den Reaktor sind an Triga-Trap bereits Massenmessungen an
stabilen und langlebigen Isotopen durchgefuhrt worden und werden fortgesetzt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit
lag der Schwerpunkt auf Nukliden der seltenen Erden im Bereich starker Deformation fur N 90. Daneben
werden Aktinoide im Hinblick auf Tests von Massenmodellen untersucht und um direkte Verknupfungen zum
241Massenstandard zu bilden. Hier konnte zum ersten Mal direkt die Masse von Am gemessen werden.Contents
1 Introduction and motivation 1
I Theory
2 Nuclear structure and nucleosynthesis processes 7
2.1 Overview on the mass models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1 The liquid-drop model and shell-corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.2 Microscopic mass models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.3 The Nilsson model of deformed nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.4 Other mass formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 Impact of shell-e ects on heavy and superheavy elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Nucleosynthesis by neutron-capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 Storage, manipulation and detection of ions in a Penning trap 29
3.1 The Penning trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.1 Penning-trap basics: the ideal trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.2 Imperfections of the real trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 Manipulation of the ion motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2.1 Dipolar and quadrupolar excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.2 Cooling of the ion motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3 Ion detection techniques for mass spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3.1 Destructive time-of- ight detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3.2 Non-destructive image current detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3.3 Comparison between destructive and non-destructive ion detection . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.4 Carbon clusters as reference masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
II Experimental Setup
4 The double-Penning trap mass spectrometer Triga-Trap 55
4.1 The Triga reactor and extraction of ssion products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2 The Triga-Trap setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3 The o -line ion sources of Triga-Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.4 Ion transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.5 The cryogenic Penning traps and the superconducting magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704.6 Ion detection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.7 Measurement procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.8 The Triga-Trap control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
III Results and discussion
5 Commissioning of the mass spectrometer 89
5.1 Simulation studies and electric eld optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.2 Stability of the magnetic eld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.3 Data analysis procedure and accuracy studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.4 Phase shift in the Ramsey excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6 First direct mass measurements at Triga-Trap 105
6.1 Investigation of stable isotopes in the rare-earth region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.1.1 Ion production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.1.2 Measurements and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.1.3 The Atomic-Mass Evaluation in the rare-earth region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.1.4 Discussion of the new mass values with respect to nuclear structure studies . . . . . . 119
2416.2 First direct mass measurement of Am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.2.1 Massts and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.2.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7 Conclusion and Outlook 129
Bibliography 133List of Tables
2.1 Parameters for the Bethe-Weizs acker mass formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1 Frequencies of singly charged ions in the Penning trap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1 Candidates for mass measurements on neutron-rich nuclides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.2 Alkali nuclides as mass references. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.1 List of all voltages used for the transport and trap electrodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.2 Best tuning voltages of the precision trap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
1975.3 Result of the mass measurement of Au. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.1 Natural abundances of stable rare-earth nuclides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.2 Results of the mass measurements in the rare-earth region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.3 In uence of the Triga-Trap mass measurements on the AME mass excesses. . . . . . . . . . 118
6.4 Nilsson ground-state orbits of gadolinium and hafnium isotopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2416.5 Result of the mass measurement of Am. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125List of Figures
1.1 Uncertainties of experimental mass values in the Atomic-Mass Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 Binding energy per nucleon for stable nucli

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