The effect of two bleaching products on microhardness and surface texture of different dental aesthetic restorative materials [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Olga Polydorou

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• Publié par: albert-ludwigs-universitat_freiburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 35
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

Aus der Universitätsklinik für Zahn-, Mund-, und Kieferheilkunde der
Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
Abteilung für Zahnerhaltungskunde und Parodontologie
(Ärztl. Direktor: Prof. Dr. E. Hellwig)


The effect of two bleaching products on microhardness and
surface texture of different dental aesthetic restorative
materials


INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION
zur Erlangung des
Zahnmedizinischen Doktorgrades
Der Medizinischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg


Vorgelegt 2004
Von
Olga Polydorou
Geboren in Nafpaktos, Griechenland















Dekan: Prof. Dr. med. J. Zentner
1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. E. Hellwig
2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. R. Schmelzeisen
Jahr der Promotion: 2004


























To my family

Στην οικογένειά µ ου



Table of contents:

1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1
2 Literature Review............................................................................................................ 3
2.1 Tooth Bleaching.........................................................................................................3
2.1.1 : An Evolving History........................................................................ 3
2.1.2 Chemistry of bleaching ...................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Bleaching techniques..........................................................................................5
2.1.3.1 In-office bleaching of vital and nonvital teeth ...............................................
2.1.3.2 Waiting room bleaching................................................................................. 6
2.1.3.3 Home bleaching..............................................................................................6
2.1.3.4 Intracoronal bleaching....................................................................................7
2.1.3.5 Over-the-counter bleaching............................................................................7
2.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching ........................................................................... 8
2.1.5 Dental bleaching mechanism ............................................................................. 9
2.1.6 Carbamide peroxide chemistry9
2.1.7 Constituents of the bleaching agents................................................................ 10
2.1.7.1 Carbamide peroxide.....................................................................................10
2.1.7.2 Thickening agents........................................................................................11
2.1.7.3 Urea..............................................................................................................11
2.1.7.4 Vehicle.........................................................................................................12
2.1.7.5 Surfactant and pigment dispersant ............................................................... 12
2.1.7.6 Preservatives.................................................................................................12
2.1.7.7 Flavourings...................................................................................................12
2.2 Aesthetic Restorative Materials ............................................................................... 12
2.2.1 Direct-placement aesthetic restorative materials.............................................. 12
2.2.1.1 Resin restorative materials ........................................................................... 13
2.2.1.2 Indirect-placement aesthetic restorative materials ....................................... 19
2.3 Bleaching: How safe is it?........................................................................................ 20
2.3.1 Effects on enamel ............................................................................................. 20
2.3.2 Effects on dentine 21
2.3.3 Effects on pulp ................................................................................................. 21
2.3.4 Effects on restorative materials........................................................................ 22
2.3.4.1 Composite materials.....................................................................................22
2.3.4.2 Amalgam restorations..................................................................................23
2.3.4.3 Other materials23
2.3.5 Toxicological considerations............................................................................23
2.3.6 Further ......................................................................................24
2.3.6.1 Microhardness..............................................................................................
2.3.6.2 Surface properties.........................................................................................25
2.3.6.3 The release of chemical toxic products ........................................................ 26
2.4 Aim of the study....................................................................................................... 28
3 Materials and methods ................................................................................................. 29
3.1 Materials................................................................................................................... 29
3.1.1 Restorative materials........................................................................................29
®3.1.1.1 TETRIC CERAM (Ivoclar Vivadent AG) .................................................
®3.1.1.2 TETRIC FLOW .................................................... 30
3.1.1.3 ENAMEL PLUS HFO (MICERIUM) ......................................................... 30 ®3.1.1.4 FILTEK SUPREME (3M ESPE)............................................................... 31
®3.1.1.5 DEFINITE (Denstply)................................................................................ 32
® ® ®3.1.1.6 VITABLOCS for CEREC (VITA SYSTEM 3D-MASTER (VITA))... 33
3.1.2 Bleaching Materials..........................................................................................34
® ® TM3.1.2.1 OPALESCENCE XTRA BOOST (ULTRADENT)...........................
®3.1.2.2 OPALESCENCE PF 15% CARBAMIDE PEROXIDE (ULTRADENT) 34
3.1.3 Additional materials.........................................................................................35
3.1.4 Examination machines.....................................................................................
3.1.4.1 Knoop Microhardness tester.........................................................................35
3.1.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscope..................................................................... 36
3.2 METHODS...............................................................................................................37
3.2.1 Construction of the samples .............................................................................
3.2.2 First part of the study ....................................................................................... 38
3.2.3 Second Part of Study........................................................................................ 40
4 RESULTS.........................................................................................................................43
4.1 Microhardness..........................................................................................................43
® ® TM ®4.1.1 Opelescence Xtra Boost / Opalescence carbamide peroxide 15%......... 44
4.1.1.1 Tetric Ceram.................................................................................................45
4.1.1.2 Tetric Flow...................................................................................................47
4.1.1.3 Filtek Supreme.............................................................................................48
4.1.1.4 Enamel Plus HFO......................................................................................... 49
4.1.1.5 Definite.........................................................................................................50
4.1.1.6 Ceramic........................................................................................................52
4.2 Surface texture..........................................................................................................53
® ® TM4.2.1 Opalescence Xtra Boost ............................................................................ 53
4.2.1.1 Tetric Ceram.................................................................................................54
4.2.1.2 Tetric Flow55
4.2.1.3 Filtek Supreme56
4.2.1.4 Enamel Plus.............................................................................................