The elements of vegetable histology

Charles William Ballard

Sujets

• Plant anatomy
• Pharmacognosy

Informations

• Publié par: les_archives_du_savoir
• Nombre de lectures: 5
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 11 Mo

Extrait

OF
VEGETABLE HISTOLOGY
1 1
BY
cTw. BALLARD
Associate Materia Medico, and Director theProfessor of of Microscopical
ColumbiaLaboratory, College ofPharmacy, University. Microanalyst,
New YorkDepartment of Health, City of
NEW YORK
JOHN WILEY & INC.SONS,
LONDON:CHAPMAN & LIMITEDHALL,
1921\\
1921Copyright,
BY
W. BALLARDC.
PBISB or
BRAUNWOHTH * CO.
BOOK MANUFACTURtRS
BROOKLYN. N. V.PREFACE
A KNOWLEDGE of is the founda-vegetable histology
tion for the studies of microscopic pharmacognosy
and of foods. It is so relatedmicroanalysis intimately
to the studies of andplant morphology plant biology
that these should be consideredsubjects prerequisite
or should the course inparallel plant histology.
This volume is intended for the beginner; and,
in details have been omitted in ordermany instances,
that the student obtain a ofmay knowledge general
without confused the minutiaeprinciples being by
of the Those to insubject. intending specialize
and micro-vegetable histology, pharmacognosy
of foods will find a wealth of detail in the refer-analysis
ence books noted in the Appendix.
The amount of work inlaboratory vegetable
the student ishistology performed by necessarily
the amount of time at hisgoverned by disposal.
Lectures should be if in orderabridged necessary,
that a amount of work begreater laboratory may
for in no other branch of science isaccomplished,
inthe of such thepersonal equation importance proper
forofinterpretation findings. Microscope equipment
in ordera class should be as uniform asnearly possible
that the due to different magnificationscomplications
be eliminated.may
The writer remiss if he did notwould indeed be
this of theat hisopportunity express appreciationiv PREFACE
Materiaof Dr. H. H. Professor ofinfluence Rusby,
of Columbia University.Medica, College Pharmacy,
source ofDr. 's labors have been a inspiration;Rusby
forand association with him has been responsible
whatever measure of success the writer has attained
in the field of microanalysis.
For constructive criticism and aid ingenerous
revision of the I am indebted to Fanchonmanuscript,
Instructor in Materia of Phar-Hart, Medica, College
Columbia haswhomacy, University, by kindly help
the issuance of this manual.greatly expedited
is also due the Bausch & LombAcknowledgment
E. Leitz and the Lens forOptical Co., Spencer Co.,
the use of illustrations and data from their several
catalogues.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, Q^ ^/^ JJ
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY.
1920.November,CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
THE PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS
PAGE
Methods 1Sectioning
Infiltration Method 2
Fixation 2
3Dehydration
4Clearing
Infiltration 5
6Embedding
Section Hand and Machine Microtomes 7Cutting,
Ribbon 13Sectioning
Removal of Media 14Embedding
Method for Non-infiltrated 15Embedding Specimens
Fresh Materials 15
Dried 16
for 16Blocking Cutting
of Methods 17Synopsis Sectioning
CHAPTER II
THE SPECIMENSMOUNTING OF
20MediaMounting
21of MountsPreparation Glycerin Jelly
23of Canada Balsam MountsPreparation
IIICHAPTER
THE MICROSCOPE
24The of theOptics Microscope
24Refraction
25of LensesTypes
26AxisOptic
vCONTENTSvi
PAGE
FocusPrincipal
Focal Distance
27Real Images
28Virtual Images
29and Chromatic AberrationsSpherical
The MicroscopeSimple
Construction and Uses
The Compound Microscope
PartsOptical
35
Objectives
38Oculars
Lenses and Mirror 39Condensing
41PartsMechanical
44Use of the MicroscopeCompound
45Position of and WorkerMicroscope
45Lighting
Low Powers 46withFocusing
with 48 High
of Technic 49Summary Focusing
Use of the 49Eyes
the 50Cleaning Microscope
of 51Interpretation Images
52Drawings
CHAPTER IV
THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF PLANT TISSUES
Chemical of Cell WallsProperties 57
Cellulose Walls 58
WallsLignified 58
Cutinized and Suberized Walls 59
Gums and Pectinous Substances 59
Chemical of Cell ContentsProperties 60
Starch 61
Imilin . 61
Sugars 62
Alkaloids 62
Glucosides 63
Calcium Oxalate 63
Aleurone 64
Tannins 64