The greening of free trade [Elektronische Ressource] : domestic politics and environmental issues in New Zealand's free trade agreement negotiations / vorgelegt von Astrid Fritz Carrapatoso geb. Fritz

Astrid Fritz

Sujets

• Handel

Informations

• Publié par: albert-ludwigs-universitat_freiburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 11
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

The Greening of Free Trade

Domestic Politics and Environmental Issues in New Zealand’s Free Trade
Agreement Negotiations









Inaugural-Dissertation
zur
Erlangung der Doktorwürde
der Philosophischen Fakultät
der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg i. Br.









vorgelegt von
Astrid Fritz Carrapatoso geb. Fritz
aus Emmendingen










SS 2006




































Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Rüland
Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Stephen Hoadley

Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses
der Gemeinsamen Kommission der
Philologischen, Philosophischen und Wirtschafts-
und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät:
Prof. Dr. Heinrich Anz

Datum der Fachprüfung im Promotionsfach: 09. Januar 2007
2









To my beloved Mum and Dad
3










E h ī ake an ate atakura.
He tio, he huka, he hauhunga.




The red dawn comes
with a sharpened air,
a touch of frost,
the promise of a glorious day.

4
Acknowledgements

This thesis could not have been completed without the support and help of many people. I
would like to take the chance to thank those who have acted as an inspiration and helped in
the completion of this work. Two persons deserve particular mention. Professor Dr. Jürgen
Rüland accepted me as his doctoral student and gave me the opportunity to realise this
project. He supervised my doctoral thesis and offered his advice and help whenever I needed
it. I would like to thank Professor Dr. Stephen Hoadley for his support, particularly for all his
help while I was staying in New Zealand. I have greatly benefited from his wise advice and
suggestions. I will never forget some unique and unconventional consultations in the Bavarian
Alps and on the Orongorongo Track.
I also express my deepest gratitude to the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Without the
generous support of this foundation I would not have been able to continue my research and
to finish this thesis. I also appreciated the many opportunities to attend interesting seminars
and to meet new friends.
My work was based on many interviews I made during two field trips to New Zealand
in 2004 and 2006. The support I received from New Zealand ministries, interest groups,
scholars and individuals was incredible. All these people considerably facilitated and enriched
my work. I would like to take the chance and thank all my interviewees for their help and the
possibility to get in touch with them whenever required.
I deeply appreciated the help I received from Peter, Filipe, Martina and Jens and
would like to thank them for being driven crazy by grammar, style, footnotes and layout.
My thanks also belong to my colleagues at the Political Science Department at the
University of Freiburg. The friendly character of this department created a great working
atmosphere.
Writing my thesis was also a journey where I met many people and found new friends.
I would like to take the opportunity to thank the people from the Political Studies Department
at the University of Auckland for their support and the warm welcome I received whenever I
stayed there. I would like to express my gratitude to all my New Zealand friends for some
wonderful and also funny moments, great conversations, lovely dinners, lunches and morning
teas, unforgettable walks, sailing trips and movie nights. My thanks belong to Helen and John
who always supported my work by introducing me to interesting people and by making me
feel at home.
5My special thanks go to my family. They all believed in me and always motivated me
to go on with my work. The support I received from my beloved Mum was beyond words and
I would like to take the opportunity to thank her for this. I will never forget what she did and
still does for me. She was and is incredible. I would also like to express my deepest and
sincerest gratitude to my dear husband. He had to suffer from my long absence when I had to
go to New Zealand for my research. He never stopped believing in me and supported me all
the way through. My field trips to New Zealand would not have been as successful as they
were without his love, trust and the many phone calls.

Freiburg, 21.08.2006
6Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 9
List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... 12
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 13
2 Domestic Explanations of Foreign Policy-Making: Theoretical Framework........... 26
2.1. Foreign Policy Analysis: Continuity and Change......................................................... 27
2.1.1. First Generation Foreign Policy Analysis .............................................................. 28
2.1.2. Second Generation Foreign Policy Analysis.......................................................... 29
2.2. Domestic Politics in Foreign Policy-Making: The Concept of Polyarchy.................... 31
2.2.1. The Concept of Polyarchy...................................................................................... 32
2.2.2. The Concept of Domestic Uncertainty and Incomplete Information..................... 34
2.3. The Domestication of International Negotiations: Two-Level Games ......................... 35
2.3.1. The Concept of Two-Level Games ........................................................................ 36
2.3.2. Level 1 and Level 2 Negotiations and the Concept of the Win-set........................ 38
2.3.3. Further Elaborations of the Two-Level Games Approach..................................... 40
2.4. Power in Asymmetric Negotiations: Aggregate Structural, Issue-Specific and
Behavioural Power ............................................................................................................... 42
2.4.1. Towards a Definition of Power .............................................................................. 42
2.4.2. The Concept of Aggregate Structural, Issue-Specific and Behavioural Power ..... 44
2.5. The Domestic Dimension of International Negotiations: Analytical Framework and
Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 48
2.5.1. The Two-Level Negotiations: Actors Involved ..................................................... 48
2.5.2. Hypothesis and Theoretical Assumptions.............................................................. 52
2.5.2.1. The Reasons for Domestic Negotiations in New Zealand .................................. 52
2.5.2.2. How to Measure Influence: The Determinants of Domestic Negotiations ......... 53
2.5.2.3. The Impact of Domestic Negotiations on the Greening of Trade Policy............ 56
2.5.3. Analytical Framework............................................................................................ 56
2.5.4. Method of Analysis ................................................................................................ 63
2.5.5. Data Collection....................................................................................................... 64
3 Impacts on New Zealand’s Foreign Policy: A Background ....................................... 67
3.1. History and Culture 68
3.1.1. Pakeha, Maori and Asian People in New Zealand ................................................. 69
3.1.2. The Environmental Movement............................................................................... 70
3.2. Constitutional Structure................................................................................................. 72
3.3. Foreign Policy Institutions 76
3.3.1. Interest Groups 77
3.3.2. Political Parties, MPs and Party Caucuses ............................................................. 77
3.3.3. Parliament............................................................................................................... 80
3.3.4. Cabinet ................................................................................................................... 81
3.3.5. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT)............................................. 83
3.3.6. The Governor-General ........................................................................................... 86
3.4. Implications for the Strategic Interaction between Societal, Political and
Administrative Actors .......................................................................................................... 87
4 Trade and Environment in New Zealand Foreign Policy-Mak