The US Environmental Protection Agency [Elektronische Ressource] : a historical perspective on its role in environmental protection / vorgelegt von Xin Liu

Xin Liu

Informations

• Publié par: ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
A Historical Perspective on Its Role in Environmental Protection





Inaugural-Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München





vorgelegt von
Xin Liu



München 2010









































Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Hochgeschwender
Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Christof Mauch
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 07.07.2010 Liu iii
Table of Contents
Lists of Tables…………………………………..………………………………………………….vi
Lists of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………vii
Lists of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………...viii
1. Introduction…………………………………………………….………………………....1
1.1. Environmental Protection: Preconditions, Push-Factor and Value Change……......…1
1.2. Development of Federal Environmental Protection from the Nixon to the Clinton
Administration………………………………………………………………………...5
1.3. Description of this Study……………………………………………………………...8
1.3.1. Why does this Study focus on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency? ….8
1.3.2. Wtudy focus on the Era from 1970 to 2000? …………………...9
1.3.3. Subject, Method and Procedures……………………………………………...11
2. The EPA Context: Origins, Principles and Legacies………………………………….20
2.1. The Context of the EPA’s Organization……………………………………………..20
2.1.1. The EPA’s Goals, Responsibilities and Functions……………………………22
2.1.2. Organizational Structure……………………………………………………....23
2.1.3. Environmental Regulation Process……………………………………………32
2.2. Political Involvement in the EPA’s Decision-making and Development…………...34
2.2.1. The President, his Administration, and the EPA……………………………...34
2.2.2. Congress and the EPA………………………………………………………...38
2.2.3. Courts………………………………………………………………………….41
2.2.4. Interest Groups………………………………………………………………...47
3. The Historical Context: Shaping the EPA, and its Changing Roles………………….61
3.1. The EPA under the Nixon-Ford Administration…..………………………………... 62 Liu iv

3.1.1. Environmental Understanding from President Nixon………………………...62
3.1.2. Environmental Understanding from Administrator Ruckelshaus and
Administrator Train…………………………………………………………....65
3.1.3. Presidential Election of 1972………………………………………………….67
3.1.4. The EPA under Administrator William Ruckelshaus…………………………68
3.1.5. Energy Crisis and the Fading of Environmental Protection………………......75
3.1.6. The EPA under Administrator Russell Train………………………………….77
3.1.7. “Quality of Life” Review……………………………………………………...84
3.1.8. Congress, Courts and the EPA………………………………………………...86
3.1.9. Interests Groups and the EPA…………………………………………………90
3.2. The EPA under the Carter Administration…………………………………………...95
3.2.1. Strengthening Environmental Enforcement with Civil Litigation…………….97
3.2.2. The EPA pursuing Superfund Legislation on Hazardous Waste……………...98
3.2.3. Establishing the Bubble Policy……………………………………………….101
3.2.4. Regulatory Reform from the Carter Administration…………………………102
3.2.5. Interest Groups and Court……………………………………………………107
3.3. The EPA under the Reagan Administration………………………………………...110
3.3.1. Environmental Stand from President Reagan………………………………..112
3.3.2. Administrator Anne Gorsuch Burford……………………………………….113
3.3.3. The Change from William Ruckelshaus……………………………………..114
3.3.4. Administrator Lee M. Thomas………………………………………………114
3.3.5. The EPA under President Reagan and his administrators…………………...115
3.3.5.1. The EPA under Administrator Anne Gorsuch Burford……………..116
3.3.5.2. The EPA under Administrator William Ruckelshaus……………….119
3.3.5.3. The EPA under Administrator Lee Thomas…………………………123 Liu v
3.3.6. Federal Regulatory Reform from the “Quality of Life” Reviews to Reagan’s
Regulatory Relief……………………………………………………………..129
3.3.7. Congress, Court and the EPA………………………………………………..138
3.3.8. Interests Groups and the EPA………………………………………………..146
3.4. The EPA under the George H. W. Bush Administration…………………………...153
3.5. The EPA under the Clinton Administration………………………….......................166
3.5.1. President Clinton and Vice-President Gore…………………………..............167
3.5.2. Administrator Carol Browner………………...………....................................168
3.5.3. The Optimistic Beginning…………………………........................................169
3.5.4. Hard Reality in Clinton’s First Two Years……………...…………...............170
3.5.5. Clinton’s Achievement on Environmental Protection……………………….172
3.5.6. EPA Initiatives under Administrator Browner…..……………………..........175
3.5.7. Congress, Court and the EPA……………..…………....................................192
3.5.8. Interest Groups and the EPA………...………………....................................198
4. Case Study: Automobile Emissions………………………….......................................204
4.1. What are Automobile Emissions?…………………………......................................204
4.2. The EPA Role in Controlling Automobile Emissions…………………………........205
5. Conclusion…………………………................................................................................215
5.1. Strategies, Methods and Problems in the EPA’s Roles……………………………..215
5.1.1. Strategies and Economic Incentives forming the EPA’s Roles from the Nixon
to the Clinton Administration…...……………………....................................219
5.1.2. Problems………………...………....................................................................226
5.2. The EPA and Science……………...…………..........................................................229
Workcited………………………….................................................................................233
Liu vi
Lists of Tables
Table 1: Patterns of Party Control of Congress and the Presidency, 1972-2000……………12
Table 2: Media and Functional Offices……………………………………………………...32
Table 3: Principal Congressional Oversight Committee and Subcommittees (1993)……….40
Table 4: Membership Trends of Selected National Environmental Organizations………….52
Table 5: Registrants for Environmental Issues by Organizational Type…………………….58
Table 6: Client for Environmental Issues by Organizational Type………………………….58
Table 7: The Regulation Reform Act………………………………………………………104
Table 8: Regulatory Reform Bills, 1979-1980……………………………………………..105
Table 9: History of Regulatory Analysis…………………………………………………...131
Table 10: The EPA’ Major Rules…………………………………………………………..134
Table 11: The EPA’s Benefit-cost Analyses: 1981-86……………………………………..135
Table 12: Selected Cumulative Environmental Benefits…………………………………...186
Table 13: The EPA’s Budget and Workforce, 1970-2003………………………………….217
Table 14: EPA Research and Development Budget Appropriations Account Compared
with EPA Budget Authority, FY 1976-1996…………………………………….230 Liu vii
Lists of Figures
Figure 1: The EPA’s Budget and Workforce, 1970-2003…………………………………...13
Figure 2: Functions Transferred to the EPA from other Agencies…………………………..24
Figure 3: The EPA’s Organizational Structure in 1970……………………………………...27
Figure 4: The EPA’s Organizational Chart in 1971…………………………………………28
Figure 5: The EPA’s Current Organizational Chart…………………………………………29
Figure 6: Geographic Areas Serviced by the EPA’s Ten Regional Offices…………………31
Figure 7: Executive Branch Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities………………..37
Figure 8: The Dual Court System……………………………………………………………44
Figure 9: Environmental Laws Passed, Protest Activity and Public
Opinion, 1960-1998……………………………………………………………….60
Figure 10: Sources of Auto Emissions……………………………………………………..206
Figure 11: Basic Controls for Exhaust and Evaporative Emissions………………………..206
Figure 12: Typical Canister System for Evaporative Emissions…………………………...208
Figure 13: EPA Research and Development Budget Appropriations
Account Compared with EPA Budget Authority, FY 1976-1996……………….231 Liu viii
Lists of Abbreviations
AQA Air Quality Act
AQCR Air Quality Control Region
AWF African Wildlife Foundation
BLM Bureau of Land Management
BOB Bureau of the Budget
CAA Clean Air Act
CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy
CEQ Council on Environmental Quality
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liabili