Trade policy between European Union and African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries [Elektronische Ressource] : agriculture in the negotiations on economic partnership agreements in Southern Africa / vorgelegt von Kerstin Bertow

Bertow, Kerstin

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• Handel

Informations

• Publié par: justus-liebig-universitat_giessen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 26
• Langue: English

Extrait

Trade Policy between European Union and
African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP)
Countries:
Agriculture in the Negotiations on Economic
Partnership Agreements in Southern Africa




Dissertation zur Erlangung des
Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. soc.)
des Fachbereichs Gesellschaftswissenschaften
der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen


Vorgelegt von

Kerstin Bertow
aus Stuttgart
2009

Table of Contents
List of Tables..............................................................................................................III 
Abbreviations............................................................................................................. IV 
1  Introduction ..........................................................................................................1 
2  Agriculture at International Level........................................................................16 
2.1  WTO Negotiations on Agriculture................................................................16 
2.1.1  Agriculture in GATT and WTO Negotiations ........................................17 
2.1.2  WTO Negotiations on Agriculture – State of Play ................................26 
2.2  WTO as Framework for (EPA) Trade Negotiations .....................................35 
3  Agriculture in the European Union .....................................................................43 
3.1  European Agriculture – Data and Principles ...............................................43 
3.1.1  Character of European Agriculture.......................................................43 
3.1.2  European Agricultural Policy – Aims, Principles, Instruments..............46 
3.2  Agricultural Reforms and Interplay with WTO Negotiations ........................49 
3.3  Impact of European Agriculture on ACP Countries .....................................64 
4  Agriculture in ACP Countries..............................................................................69 
4.1  Agriculture from Historical Perspective69 
4.2  Transformation of Economy and Green Revolution ....................................75 
4.3  Farming in Southern Africa .........................................................................83 
4.3.1  Agriculture in Economy – Data.............................................................83 
4.3.2  Farming Structure ................................................................................89 
4.4  Trade in Southern Africa ...........................................................................102 
5  Agriculture in EPA Negotiations .......................................................................114 
5.1  Negotiating Process in General ................................................................114 
5.2  Negotiating Process SADC133 
5.3  Direct and Indirect Agricultural Provisions in SADC IEPA.........................143 
5.3.1  EU Market Access for ACP Countries................................................143 
5.3.2  ACP Market Opening to EU ...............................................................155 
5.3.2.1  Market Opening in General and Liberalisation Commitments ........155 
5.3.2.2  Standstill Clause.............................................................................163 
5.3.2.3  Safeguards.....................................................................................165 
5.3.2.4  Export Taxes ..................................................................................170 
5.3.2.5  Most Favoured Nation Provision ....................................................172 
5.3.2.6  Free Movement of Goods and Regional Preference ......................174 
5.3.2.7  Supply-side Constraints and Competitiveness ...............................176 
5.3.3  Regional Integration...........................................................................178 
5.3.4  Revenue Losses ................................................................................183 
5.3.5  Services and New Generation Issues................................................186 
5.4  EPA Negotiations and Outcome – Conclusions ........................................189 
6  Conclusions and Outlook .................................................................................195 
7  Literature..........................................................................................................200 
8  Annex...............................................................................................................226 

IIList of Tables
Table 1: Gross domestic product (GDP) BLNS+M ....................................................84 
Table 2: Gross domestic product (GDP) from agriculture BLNS+M ..........................85 
Table 3: Gross domestic product (G86 
Table 4: Undernourishment in total population BLNS+M...........................................86 
Table 5: Farming systems in SADC countries...........................................................89 
Table 6: EPAs in Cotonou Partnership Agreement .................................................116 
Table 7: State of play EPA Regions (as of April 2009) ............................................127 
Table 8: Timetable Launch of Negotiations and Signing of EPAs (as of April
2009) .......................................................................................................................132 

IIIAbbreviations
ACP African, Caribbean, Pacific countries
AfT Aid for Trade
AMS aggregate measurement of support
AoA Agreement on Agriculture
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BLNS Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland

CAP Common Agricultural Policy
CARIFORUM Caribbean Forum
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CPA Cotonou Partnership Agreement
CU Customs Union

DDA Doha Development Agenda
DFQF duty-free, quota-free

EAC East African Community
EBA Everything-but-arms initiative
EC European Commission
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
EDF European Development Fund
EEC European Economic Community
EPA Economic Partnership Agreement
ESA Eastern and Southern Africa
EU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FO Farmers’ Organisations
FTA Free Trade Agreement

GAERC General Affairs and External Relations Council
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services
GM Genetically Modified
GMO Modified Organisms
GSP Generalised System of Preferences

HDI Human Development Index

IEPA Interim Economic Partnership Agreement
IMF International Monetary Fund
IPR Intellectual Property Rights

LDC Least Developed Country
IV
MERCOSUR Mercado Común del Sur
MFN Most Favoured Nation principle

NAFTA North American Free Trade Area
NAMA Non-Agricultural Market Access
NAO National Authorising Officer
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

ODA Official Development Assistance

RAO Regional Authorising Officer
RoW Rest of World
RPTF Regional Preparatory Task Force
RTA Regional Trade Agreement

SACU Southern African Customs Union
SADC Southern African Development Community
SAP Structural Adjustment Programme
SDT Special and Differential Treatment
SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa
SSG Special Agricultural Safeguard
SSM Special Safeguard Mechanism

TBT Technical Barriers to Trade
TDCA Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement
TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights

VAT Value-Added Tax

WDR World Development Report
WTO World Trade Organisation



V1 Introduction
Is Sub-Saharan Africa on the upswing or in the middle of a breakdown and
economic crisis? Will free trade agreements support Africa’s economic
development or destroy the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers?
Since the 1990s an increased overall economic growth could have been
observed in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): 5.2% in 2004, 5.3% in 2005 and 5.7%
1in 2006 while the annual average growth rate between 1990 and 2003 was
22.7%. Agricultural growth accelerated: from 2.3% in the 1980s to 3.8%
3between 2001 and 2005.
The World Bank seemed to be optimistic with regard to African development,
but Asche states that the positive development between 1995 and 2004 was
achieved of a group of only 15 countries. Moreover, he criticises that this growth
is not sustainable in these countries for the following reasons: catch-up effects
in post-war countries; commodity booms; their growth is still below the 7% that
the World Bank defines as necessary to achieve poverty alleviation; and finally
4the ab