Understanding the mobile telephony usage patterns [Elektronische Ressource] : the rise of the mobile communication dispositif / von Oana Stefana Mitrea

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• Soziologie

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• Publié par: technischen_universitat_darmstadt
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 8
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

UNDERSTANDING THE MOBILE TELEPHONY USAGE PATTERNS -The Rise of the Mobile Communication “Dispositif”-

Vom Fachbereich Gesellschafts- und Geschichtswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Darmstadt zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) genehmigte Dissertation von

Oana Stefana Mitrea geboren am 03.03.1973 Baia Mare

Referenten:

Prof. Dr. Rudi Schmiede

Prof. Dr. Mikael Hård

D 17 Darmstädter Dissertationen

Abstract

The thesis focuses on the interlaced re-building of communication, movement, and information due to the integration of the wireless telephony in the daily life. The theoretical objective is to highlight the value of thedispositifconcept for the study of the aforementioned process. This goal is supported by an explorative online study, conducted between 2002-2003 in Germany on 151 respondents between 13-65 years, that analyses the different behavioral patterns and attitudes among various groups of users, as well as non-users.

The core of the theoretical part of the dissertation consists in the construction of adispositifmodel that explains wireless telephony constitution, usage, and impact. The model outlines technology, subjects, usage, perception, representation, and socio-cultural frames. The reciprocal interactions between the mobile telephony apparatus, human subjects (as designers and users), and various usage programs (mobile communication, information and orientation, personal assistant, supervising, and entertainment) lead to the rebuilding of communication, information, entertainment, and supervising “arrangements”. Further, in a historical chapter dealing with the constitution of thedispositif, avatars of communication and mobility structures are presented in connection with the underlying transformations from science to technical implementation and diffusion. I support the thesis that the current mobile telephony represents a mature and functional phase of a manifolddispositif, which has historically constituted through redefinition and creative rebuilding of programs and structures belonging to earlier avatars and competingdispositives.

The empirical part of the dissertation examines the results of the quantitative study conducted to validate and correct the theoretical model and to identify the formative effects of thedispositif. Findings indicate that the usage of wireless telephony creates a specific communication structure featuring particular purposes, content, situations, actions and partners, which is mainly oriented toward spatial and temporal coordination of communicators. The analysis also concentrates on the relation between mobile communication (verbal and written) and other communication forms enabled by face- to-face contacts or technicaldispositives. Two positioning analyses of the existing communication forms in the situational and affective field (conducted through Multidimensional Scaling), show that the usage and perception of mobile telephony and SMS are subjects of interaction with the usage and perception of face-to-face communication, fixed telephony, and e-mail. Thus, concurrent and complementarydispositivescontinuously influence each other by ingeniously manipulating their programs for competitive purposes.

Concerning the constitution of communicative mobility, the effect of technology usage on movement is reinforced mainly at the attitudinal/representational level. Particular localization patterns and chronotypes structured by technology usage are revealed. Other results relate to the images and attitudes towards technology and its users and to several social effects of mobile telephony usage, such as the strengthening of close family relations and the extension of the network of acquaintances.

The last part of the thesis comprises study conclusions, methodological discussion, and suggestions for further research.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge the contribution of many people who helped me to complete this work. First of all, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Rudi Schmiede for supervising the thesis and for his kind support during the years of collaboration. I would also like to express my gratitude towards Prof. Dr. MikaelHård, who has always encouraged me and raised my interest for the historical aspects of science and technology. In addition, I acknowledge Prof. Dr. Gernot Böhme for his kind suggestions concerning the theoretical model proposed in this work. Furthermore, I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Martina Low and Prof. Dr Peter Nixdorff for being a member, respectively chairman of the examination commitee. For constructive criticism I express my gratitude towards all my professors and colleagues from the Post-Graduate School “Technification and Society” at TU Darmstadt.

The work could not have been accomplished without the valuable help of Sabine Krause, who has offered me precious friendship and has given me orientation in the German way of doing research. I thank her for encouraging me to conduct a survey in German and for reviewing the questionnaire. Also, the theoretical model in the thesis benefited a lot from our long and fruitful discussions.

Furthermore I am very much indebted to Kennette Lawrence from Surry Community College, Dobson, North Carolina, who has been so kind to review and correct the manuscript of the thesis.

I greatly acknowledge the support of my current colleagues Günter Getzinger and Harald Rohracher from IFZ Graz. During my fellowship at the IAS-STS Graz I had the best conditions to prepare the thesis defence and to think about future implications of this work.

I am also grateful to my friends who have always been near me and provided all the help I needed: Rodica Turcanu, Andrea Zarcula, Robert Piskernik, Francesca Meoli, Ilina and Tudor Murgan, Alberto Garcia Ortiz, Mihai Petrov, Ana and Daniel Ursescu and their little doughter Teodora.

Most of all, I thank my husband Octavian for his love and understanding, and my parents for their unconditional support, optimism, and confidence.

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Table of Contents

 Page

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………...…...1 1.1 Argument…………………………………………………………………………………………….……..1 1.2 Objectives, Research Questions and Expected Outcomes/Hypotheses…………………………………….2 1.3 Importance of the Study - Theoretical and Methodological Coordinates…………...……………………...3 1.4 The Structure of the Dissertation…………………………………………………………………………...4

2. Framing Wireless Communication Technology - The Analysis of the Communication, Information, and Movement Re-build…………………………………………………………………………………..5 2.1 General Perspectives and Controversies in Science and Technology Studies…………………………..….5 2.2 Advantages of theDispositifApproach………………………………………………………………….…8 2.2.1 Definition and Examples……………………………………………………………………….…8 2.2.2 The Model of the Wireless TelephonyDispositif…………………………………………. ……12 2.3 Learning from the Past - a Socio-Historical Approach of theDispositif“Ripening”……………….…...19 2.3.1 Perspectives and Controversies in the History of Communication and Information Technologies……………………………………………………………………………………..19 2.3.2 The Constitution of the Wireless TelephonyDispositif……...…..………………...…….……...23 2.3.2.1 Early and Present SourceDispositives.Avatar WirelessDispositives……………..23 2.3.2.2 The Beginnings of the “Wireless” Arrangement in theDispositif: Radio Spoken Communication..........................................................................................................27 2.3.2.3 The Cellular Avatar and the Constitution of Communicative Mobility…………... 35 2.3.2.4 Voice and Data Integration- Consolidation of theDispositif………………………39 2.3.2.5 Glances into the Near Future: Universal Wireless Networking (Connectivity)……43 2.3.3. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………......44

3. In-depth Exploration of the Mobile CommunicationDispositif:Basic Structures and Mechanisms.48 3.1 Inside theMobile CommunicationFrames………………………………………………………….…….48 3.1.1 Specific Challenges of Mobile Communication ………………………………….…….……….48 3.1.2 Basic Elements and Flow of Mobile Communication…………………………………………...53 3.1.3 Studying Relations in Mobile Communication: the Mobile Dialogue as a Form of  Social Interaction …………………………………...……………………………….…………..55 3.1.4 Mental Construction of the Mobile Communication Space in theDispositif…………………..59 3.1.5 The Nature of Interaction in the Mobile Communication Space…………..…………………… 64 3.2 Mechanisms of Structure Re-build in the Mobile TelephonyDispositif………………………………….67 3.2.1 The Influence of Technical Arrangements: the Technification Process and its Stages…………...67 3.2.2 Users’ Reactions to Technical Dispositions: Adoption and Domestication………………………71

4.

4.1

An Empirical Approach to the Wireless CommunicationDispositif…………………………….…...77 Background: A Portrait of the Current Mobile Telephony Usage - Data and Facts………………….…..77

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4.2

4.3

5. 5.1

5.2 5.3

4.1.1 Mobile Telephony Market and its Perceived Importance………………………………… ……..77 4.1.2 Basic Usage Programs of the CurrentDispositif………………………………………………….79 4.1.3 Trends: the Future of Guardian Services and the Mobile Internet…………………………..……81 Description of the Quantitative Study: Sample, Data collection, Data Analysis ……………………...…85 4.2.1 Objectives of the Empirical Study ……………………………………………………………....85 4.2.2 Survey Design and Sample Matching……………………………………………………..…….85 4.2.3 Research Stages……………………………………………………………………………..…...88 Detailed Findings………………………………………………………………………………………....93 4.3.1 Contextualization of the Study - General Coordinates of Usage Programmes………………...…94 4.3.2 Analysis of theMobile CommunicationStructure in theDispositif………………………….….102 4.3.2.1 Exploring the Re-building of the Mobile Communication Content…………...…103 4.3.2.2 Re-building of the Situational Field……………………………………………...106 4.3.2.3 Re-building of the Affective Field- how Mobile Communication is "Felt”/Experienced……………………………………………………………….121 4.3.3 Spatial and Temporal Arrangements in theDispositif: the Disrupted Communicative Mobility…………………………………………………………………………………………..134 4.3.3.1 Mobility and Localization………………………………………………………………..134 4.3.3.2 Is there a “Mobile Cronotype”?…………………………………………………………..141 4.3.4 The Re-building of the User Frame: Images, Attitudes, Social Interaction……………………..148 4.3.4.1 Images and Attitudes towards Technology and its Users………………………...148 4.3.4.2 Milestones of Rejection: Disturbance and Intrusion Effects……………………..152 4.3.4.3 Re-building of Social Interaction and Communicative Networks………………..155

Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………………..162 Answers to the Research Questions:……………………………………………………………………162 5.1.1 Does Mobile Telephony Usage Lead to a Structure Re-build of Communication, Information and Movement? ………………………………………………………….…..162 5.1.2 How Has theDispositifBeen Developing?………………………………………………...163 5.1.3 How are Mobile Communication, Information, and Communicative Mobility Rebuilt within theDispositif?… ……………………………………………………………….…..163 5.1.4 What Type of Spatial and Temporal Behavior (Mobility, Localization) associates with Mobile Communication?……..……………………………………………………….……168 5.1.5 How do Communication and Mobility Intertwine in theDispositif?………………………169 5.1.6 What Type of Social Interaction Manifests with Wireless Telephony Usage?.......... ..........170 5.1.7 What are the Main Images and Attitudes towards Technology and its Users?…………….171 Limitations Affecting the Results of the Empirical Study – Methodological Discussion……………….171 Further Implications and Suggestions for Future Research……………………………………………...173

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………………………….175 INDEX………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….185 LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………………..…………187 LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………………………………191 APPENDIX …………………………………………………………………………………...……………….. 195

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Argument

New telecommunication technologies have been developed in order to enhance the basis of establishing, maintaining and pursuing social relations. At the same time, a culturally produced pattern of mobility (Sørensen, 2001) tightly intertwines with the emerging communication and information structures. Communication, information, and mobility can be investigated together as coordinates of a new order that defines the information society. Particularly in the recent years, the need for mobile access to communication and to data services - anytime, anywhere - has become increasingly clear, and digital cellular telephony has seen rapid acceptance and growth. Mobile phones are rapidly improving and changing, being currently captivated by the promises of the wireless Internet. Driven by the growing demand of users to access information while on the go, the classical cell phone has turned into a combination of Personal Information Manager (PIM), mobile I. T. (information terminal) and entertainment platform, which can accomplish various tasks, such as; conversation, information, orientation, localization, agenda, m-business, supervising, entertainment etc.

It seems that the ultimate goal of the current wireless communication technologies -people to be able to communicate with anyone, and to access information from everywhere at any time- points towards a general reorganization of communication, information and mobility structures. This rebuilding process, initiated by the integration of the wireless telephony in the daily life, stays in the middle of the analysis in the thesis. Focus is placed on the comprehension of user’s behavior and relationship with the handled technology. Crucial issues include how mobile communication and information and communicative mobility develop and function and how they influence the communicators. How and how much do people telecommunicate while moving and move while telecommunicating, and how do the intertwined telecommunication/movement practices change the way they live, interact, and work? Does the increased use of mobile phones (together with the wireless Internet) and personal communication systems (PCS’s) radically change the ways that people talk to each other, search for and use information, travel, and perceive the space and time while performing these tasks?

As can be observed, the majority of these research questions refer to the impact of mobile telephony usage on two intertwined structures:mobile communication andcommunicative mobility.Mobile communicationa specific communication structure encountered in defines cell phone conversation, comprising: specific purposes; exchanged contents;, communicative actions and situations (the context); partners and their interaction. Each of them is specific and different from the ones of the other concurrent media because it is influenced by the possibility of changing places while communicating and by other internal structural facilities and constraints of the wireless technology. Reversing the word order, communicative/informative mobilitywireless technology usage points towards a type of in movement behavior encountered when someone moves while communicating and/or accessing information. His/her movement either derives from a previous communication or information action, or it is oriented towards the fulfillment of a specific communicational/informational purpose, or just serves the urge to communicate at the expense of other thoughts, senses or actions. The emphasis is here more on the exploitation of

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space while using the cell phone, travel patterns, communication places, orientation, temporal and spatial perceptions. The main objective of the thesis is to explain the constitution and functioning of mobile communication and information and communicative mobility, as a result of the interaction between the inner structure of the technology, human subjects and the general cultural, social and economical conditions of our time. The concept ofdispositif is employed for these objectives, and adispositifmodel is constructed, depicting the relationship among technology, human subjects, usage programs and general social and cultural frames.

1.2. Objectives. Research Questions and Expected Outcomes/Hypotheses

The dissertation aims to accomplish the following objectives:

Construct a dispositif model to explain wireless telephony usage and its effects Analyze the historical constitution of the dispositif Explore how technology usage re-builds: xMobile communication (communication and information patterns, content, occasions, places, partners) xCommunicative mobility (amount of travel, distances, places associated with mobile communication) xPerception of space and time in mobile communication xInterpersonal contacts xImagery of technology and its users

The following research questions derive from the above objectives:

General: Does wireless communication technology usage lead to a structure re-build of communication, information and movement? How is this possible?

The general thesis of the dissertation is that mobile communication technology usage, through the intertwining of technical and socio-cultural elements and frames in thedispositif,leads to a structure re-build ofmobile communicationandcommunicative mobility.

Specific:How does the mobile communication and information dispositif develop and function?

It is claimed that the current mobile telephony represents a mature and functional phase of a manifolddispositif, which historically constituted through redefinition and creative re- building of programs and structures belonging to earlier avatardispositivescompeting and dispositives

How do users employ the technology to communicate to each other? Are there any structural changes in the usage of the concurrent communication media?

A particular type of communication is expected to take place among mobile phone users, in terms of content, purposes, partners, affective reactions. This communicative structure can interact with other competitive structures, tending to absorb "communicative areas" belonging to "face-to-face" communication or to other technology-mediated kinds of communication.

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What type of communicative mobility (mobility, localization) appears with technology usage? How are space and time perceived while mobile communicating? Is there a specific temporal pattern (chronotype) associated with technology usage?

The hypothesis is thatcommunicative mobilityis constructed by the management of near and distant travel through verbal and Internet applications of mobile telephony and by the interaction of the public space with particular calling specific for mobile communication. It is expected that wireless telephony usage structures the perception and experience of space and time, inducing sensations of proximity, fluidization of movement, spatial disruption; immediacy and time compression.

What type of social interaction manifests with wireless telephony usage?

It is expected that mobile telephony structures social interaction by enabling the maintenance of social networks, the reinforcement of close family or partner ties, and elongation of peripheral relationships.

1.3. Importance of the Study - Theoretical and Methodological Coordinates

The importance of study mainly derives from the very importance of the technology itself, because wireless telephony represents one of the most attractive and rapidly expanding technologies of our time.

From the theoretical point of view, the current dissertation reinforces the value of the dispositif concept for Science and Technology Studies. Being equally distant from strong technological reductionism and strong voluntarism, the thesis claims that mobile communication technology represents a materialdispositifthat structures the communication, information, and mobility structures, but it is influenced by social and cultural changes and the imprevisible creativity of human subjects at its turn. Adispositifaims to explain model both shaping of the wireless telephony and structural effects of its usage on communication, information, and movement. This model depicts the diagram of relations among three main elements: the apparatus, human subjects and usage programs (mobile communication; information and orientation; personal assistant; supervising; and entertainment) on specific perceptive and socio-cultural backgrounds. A potential strength of the dissertation could be its interdisciplinarity, given that it integrates into its main paradigm ideas from Science and Technology Studies, history of technology, media theory, and social psychology.

From the methodological point of view, the thesis analyses, besides the main qualitative and quantitative studies in this field, the results of an own quantitative study designed on realistic basis, that took into consideration various cost, time, and representativity constraints. The exploratory online study was imagined as a variant of apost-factum experiment in natural environment (case–control study),the target population being constituted from users and non- users of mobile phone between 13-65 years.Various communication and mobility patterns have been explored in terms of technology usage. It should be recognized that, in spite of the theoretical considerations about technology consequences on information, communication, mobility and movement, the empirical study could not examine the implications of late developments like the mobile Internet, MMS (Multimedia Services), entertainment applications or GPS (Global Positioning System) because these were scarcely used at that time (2001-2002). By contrast, mobile communication, both verbal and written, featured a

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rather long history of heavy usage, and it was correspondingly domesticated into the daily life.

1.4. The Structure of the Dissertation

The thesis is conceived in five parts. The first three sections (1. Introduction, 2. Framing Wireless Communication Technology.-.The Analysis of the Communication, Information and Movement Re-build,and3. In-depth Exploration of the Mobile CommunicationDispositif:Basic Structures and Mechanisms)progressively construct the theoretical core of the work. These chapters focus on the application of thedispositifconcept to the study of the mobile telephony development and usage. The central objective in these chapters is to construct a model that explains both constitution and formative effects of wireless telephony. Ideas from sociology, communication studies, social psychology, and history of technology are integrated in an interdisciplinary frame. The next two sections (4. An Empirical Approach to the Wireless CommunicationDispositif, 5. Conclusions) contain the results of the explorative quantitative study conducted to validate the theoretical model. These analyze the intertwining of technology with various facets of communication and spatial and temporal behavior.

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2. FRAMING WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY – THE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION, INFORMATION AND MOVEMENT STRUCTURE RE- BUILD

2.1. General Perspectives and Controversies in Science and Technology Studies

It is generally agreed that the effects of telecommunication and information technologies are controversial issues. On the one hand, some technological determinist theories maintain that technology is the cause of social change, creating new forms of sociability and shaping the individuals. On the other hand, voluntarism stances are opposed to determinism, stressing “free agency, individual will, conscious deliberation and choice. Voluntarists insist that people are active agents and not helpless automatons; they are always able to make deliberate choices and to exercise control over change” (Chandler, 1995, p. 12). In this line of thought, the adepts of structuration theories in Science and Technology Studies consider technology an effect of pre-existing social demands. As in the case of technological determinism, various degrees of social determinism can be identified.

Many theoretical views reinforcing the structuring powers of communication technologies seem to involve some degree of technological determinism, ranging from thestrong to the mildperspectives. As Chandler stresses, the most extreme form of technological determinism sees the entire form of society: “as being determined by technology: new technologies transform society at every level, including institutions, social interaction and individuals. At the least a wide range of social and cultural phenomena are seen as shaped by technology. 'Human factors' and social arrangements are seen as secondary.” (Chandler, 1995, p. 3).

A "strong" perspective is that of Marshall McLuhan, who advocated the existence of intrinsic effects of media consisting in shaping and controlling ”the scale and form of human association and action“ (McLuhan, 1964, p. 8). Authors like Jack Goody (1987) and Walter Ong (1987) formulated similar radical claims of major “cognitive consequences of technology” (Chandler, 1995, p.12). For example, Ong put the spoken word to the basis of deep human relations, revealing the importance of voice communication in the formation of true communities of men, groups of individuals constituted by shared awareness. (Ong, 1987). Technologies based on transmission of voice like fixed or mobile telephony would have such strong effects in this vision. Neil Postman's argument is not (as McLuhan claimed) that the media we use change people's cognitive structures, but rather that they change the structure of discourse by encouraging certain uses of the intellect, by favouring specific definitions of intelligence and wisdom, and by demanding a certain kind of content. He also presents technology as non-neutral, containing an ideological bias (Postman, 1993, p. 16, quoted in Chandler, 2000, p. 9). Hard accents characterize also the substantive theory of technology (best known through Ellul and Heidegger) that claims that technology constitutes a new type 1 of cultural system that restructures the entire social world as an object of control.

1  “Heidegger, Habermas and Albert Borgmann attributed a substantive (more than instrumental) content to technical mediation. According to these theories, technology is not neutral. The tools we use shape our way of life in modern societies where technology has become all pervasive. In this situation, means and ends cannot be

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