Use of computer algebra in the calculation of Feynman diagrams [Elektronische Ressource] / Christian Bauer
156 pages
English

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Use of computer algebra in the calculation of Feynman diagrams [Elektronische Ressource] / Christian Bauer

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Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades“Doktor der Naturwissenschaften”am Fachbereich Physikder Johannes-Gutenberg-Universit at in MainzUse of Computer Algebrain the Calculation of Feynman DiagramsChristian Bauergeb. in KoblenzMainz, den 9. November 2004D77 (Diss. Universiatt Mainz)Find the right way down through the maze, to the food, then ndthe exit. Push the exit button. If the food tastes awful, don’t eat it,go back and try another way.They want the same thing that you do, really, they want a path,just like you. You are in a maze in a maze, but which one counts?Your maze, their maze, my maze. Or are the mazes all the same,de ned by the limits of their paths?Existence is simple: nd the food, push the button, hit the treadmill.But sometimes it gets much harder. Sometimes the food makes yousick, or you can hear nearby feet racing you, urging you on.Sometimes the button only gets you landed right back in thebeginning of the maze again, and the food won’t satisfy.There is only one path and that is the path that you take,but you can take more than one path.Cross over the cell bars, nd a new maze, make the maze fromits path, nd the cell bars, cross over the bars, nd a maze,make the maze from its path, eat the food, eat the path.Marathon In nity, Rage: Eat the PathContentsOverview 11 An Introduction to xloops 31.1 Feynman Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 Automated Calculation of Feynman Diagrams . . . .

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Publié par
Publié le 01 janvier 2005
Nombre de lectures 19
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 2 Mo

Extrait

Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades
“Doktor der Naturwissenschaften”
am Fachbereich Physik
der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universit at in Mainz
Use of Computer Algebra
in the Calculation of Feynman Diagrams
Christian Bauer
geb. in Koblenz
Mainz, den 9. November 2004D77 (Diss. Universiatt Mainz)Find the right way down through the maze, to the food, then nd
the exit. Push the exit button. If the food tastes awful, don’t eat it,
go back and try another way.
They want the same thing that you do, really, they want a path,
just like you. You are in a maze in a maze, but which one counts?
Your maze, their maze, my maze. Or are the mazes all the same,
de ned by the limits of their paths?
Existence is simple: nd the food, push the button, hit the treadmill.
But sometimes it gets much harder. Sometimes the food makes you
sick, or you can hear nearby feet racing you, urging you on.
Sometimes the button only gets you landed right back in the
beginning of the maze again, and the food won’t satisfy.
There is only one path and that is the path that you take,
but you can take more than one path.
Cross over the cell bars, nd a new maze, make the maze from
its path, nd the cell bars, cross over the bars, nd a maze,
make the maze from its path, eat the food, eat the path.
Marathon In nity, Rage: Eat the PathContents
Overview 1
1 An Introduction to xloops 3
1.1 Feynman Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Automated Calculation of Feynman Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 The History of xloops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Shortcomings of the Maple-based xloops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 The Creation of GiNaC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Design of the GiNaC-based xloops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 GiNaC – Object-Oriented Computer Algebra 11
++2.1 Why C ?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
++2.2 Numeric vs. Symbolic Computing in C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Design Principles of GiNaC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4 Applying the Object-Oriented Paradigm to Computer Algebra . . . . . . . 16
2.5 Basic Features of GiNaC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6 The GiNaC Class Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.6.1 The symbol Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.6.2 The constant Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.3 The numeric Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.4 The add and mul Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.5 The power Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6.6 The function Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6.7 Other Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.7 Run-Time Structure of Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.8 Automatic Evaluation of Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.9 Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.9.1 Reference Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.9.2 Copy-on-Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.9.3 Cloning of Stack-Allocated Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.9.4 Flyweights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.9.5 Fusion of Redundant Subtrees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.10 Run-Time Type Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.11 Comparing Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.12 Class Registry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.13 Adding New Algebraic Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.14 Expression Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
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2.15 Object Persistence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.16 GiNaC Expressions and the C++ Standard Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.17 Iterators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.18 Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.19 Applying Functions on Subexpressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.20 Hash Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.21 Substitutions and Pattern Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.21.1 Simple Substitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.21.2 Pattern Matching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.21.3 Performance Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.22 Using GiNaC in Interactive Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3 GiNaC for Physics Calculations 67
3.1 Symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2 Special Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2.1 Indexed Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.2.2 Predened Tensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3 Simplifying Indexed Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3.1 Dummy Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.3.2 Automatic Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.3.3 Manual Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.4 Non-Commutative Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.4.1 The Diraca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.4.2 The Color Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4 GiNaC – Status and Outlook 99
4.1 E cient Allocation of Small Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.2 Virtual Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.3 Expression Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.4 Graph Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.5 Expression Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.6 Multithreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.7 Polynomial Factorization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.8 Algebraic Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5 xloops One-Loop Integral Functions 109
5.1 Loop Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.2 Parallel/Orthogonal Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.3 Tensor Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.3.1 One-Loop Two-Point Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.3.2 One-Loop Three-Point Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.4 Evaluation of the Basic One-Loop Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.5 The Hierarchy of One-Loop Integral Functions in xloops . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.5.1 The Scalar Functions ScalarNPt() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.5.2 The PO-decomposed Tensor Functions OneLoopNPt() . . . . . . . . 119
5.5.3 The Lorentz Tensor Functions OneLoopTensNPt() . . . . . . . . . . 120
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5.5.4 The Loop Diagram Functions Diagram1LoopNPt() . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.6 Sample Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.6.1 QED Electron Self-Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.6.2 Non-Diagonal Contributions to the Quark Self-Energy . . . . . . . . 124
6 Conclusions 127
A Notation 129
A.1 Class Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
A.2 Object Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
A.3 Interaction Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
B Simpli cation Rules 131
B.1 Predened Tensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
B.1.1 The Kronecker delta (tensdelta) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131ij
B.1.2 The general metric tensor g (tensmetric) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
B.1.3 The Minkowski metric tensor (minkmetric) . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
B.1.4 The spinor metric tensor (spinmetric) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132AB
B.1.5 The Levi-Civita tensor (tensepsilon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
B.2 Dirac Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
B.3 Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
C Relation of xloops Functions to Standard One-Loop Integrals 137
Glossary 139
Bibliography 141
viiContents
viii

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