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Publié par | universitat_siegen |
Publié le | 01 janvier 2005 |
Nombre de lectures | 129 |
Langue | English |
Poids de l'ouvrage | 12 Mo |
Extrait
Water Quality Monitoring in Lake Abaya and Lake
Chamo Region
A Research Based on Water Resources of the Abaya-Chamo Basin - South
Ethiopia
Ph.D. THESIS
For attainment of the degree
Dr. rer. nat. (Ph.D.)
Submitted by
Ababu Teklemariam Tiruneh
Department 8 (Chemistry – Biology)
University of Siegen
Siegen 2005
urn:nbn:de:hbz:467-1040TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO PAGE CONTENTS
I Abstract I
II Acknowledgement II
III Preface III
IV List of Abbreviations IV
Chapter 1 Introduction 1-15
Chapter 2 Description of the Abaya – Chamo Water Resources Basin 16-34
Chapter 3 Methods, Procedures and Method Validation 35-111
Chapter 4 Water Quality Analysis Results and Evaluation of Data 112-191
Chapter 5 Design of Water Quality Monitoring System 192-238
Chapter 6 Integrating Water Quality Management with Monitoring 239-261
Chapter 7 Water Quality Modelling 262-294
Chapter 8 Summary Discussion 295-307
Chapter 9 Conclusion 308-310
10 Literature 311-319
11 Appendix 320-359
12 Curriculum Vitae 360-362
Abstract
This study is based on water quality monitoring work of water resources within the
Abaya-Chamo basin. The methods, method validation and analysis results have
been presented and discussed. Seasonal variation and trends as well as associated
water quality management issues are discussed. A water quality monitoring system
based on an integrated partial physical orthogonal model has been designed based
on data generated within the water resources of the Abaya – Chamo drainage basin.
Abstract common factors were extracted by the application of principal component
and factor analysis. By overlaying real factors with abstract common factors the
underlying causes for the water quality variations have been explained. Surface flow
factors, sub surface flow factors, leaching flow factors, effects of soil matrix, rainfall
magnitude and intensity, discharge, catchment area and slope, in stream pollution
and point sources of pollution, evaporative storage and precipitation chemistry all
showed up in such integrated model. This model can be extended by including
further physical factors as well as natural and anthropogenic pollution sources and
factors. This model can be extended to lakes and ground water sources as well.
Design of water quality monitoring intervals was accomplished with the help of
spectral analysis. Spatial monitoring spacing for lake water quality was determined
after hierarchical cluster analysis. The possibility of modelling the various water
quality parameters was investigated. Auto regressive modelling fits well variables
that have seasonally evened variation. Variables with short-term fluctuation were
modelled with spectral level regression. State-space method was satisfactorily
applied for relating the time series between two sampling points located on different
rivers. Discharge- base contaminant modelling was modified to compensate for error
by establishing a pattern of relationship between calculated and observed
contaminant loads.
Key Words: Water Quality Monitoring, Water Quality modelling, Water Quality
management.
I
Acknowledgement
The financial support of this work was obtained from the German Technical
Development cooperation (GTZ) through its support programme made available to
the Arbaminch University. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also
due to the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) through which I was able to
obtain the scholarship support throughout the duration of undertaking my thesis work.
I am grateful to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Bernd Wenclawiak, of the University of
Siegen for offering me helpful advice and support as supervisor to my work. I am also
much grateful to Professor Dr. Ing. Gerd Foerch, Professor Dr. Briggita Schutt and
Professor Dr. Ing. Jürgen Jensen as they have provided me with invaluable advice
and support to my effort.
The Arbaminch University has provided me with supports including transport vehicle,
chemicals and the usage of laboratory facilities mainly from the department of water
and environmental engineering. In this connection, I extend my thanks to Dr. Seleshi
Bekele for authorising and facilitating the provision of this assistance through his
capacity as Dean. Thanks are also due to Ato Fikre Assefa and Ato Kinfe Kassa as
they helped me a lot in the organisation of my laboratory work at Arbaminch. Dr.
Mekonen Ayana has, as head of the research section of the Arbaminch University,
helped me in facilitating the provision of data, maps, GPS as well as the GTZ
research fund for which I am thankful. I am grateful to Thorsten Schmeck and Ulrike
Koch from the analytical chemistry group of Siegen University for reading the draft of
my thesis and for offering to me helpful suggestions. I am also thankful to Thorsten
Schmeck and Ulrike Koch once again and to Henning Beer, Sandra Bohn, Sylvia
Wilnewisky and Daniela Krieb all of whom were students in the Analytical Chemistry
Group of Siegen University for offering me their kind help and advice in my laboratory
work at Siegen University. At the start of my fieldwork in Ethiopia two students from
Siegen University, namely, Tobias Humberg and Heiko Stotzel undertook their
Diploma – thesis work in water quality monitoring on the rivers Hare and Kulfo in
Ethiopia. While thanking them for taking interest in this research I feel obliged to
express my appreciation of their work ethic and dedication in doing the research and
contribute to what is perhaps the first hand information on river water quality data
base for the rivers.
Ababu Teklemariam Tiruneh. University of Siegen. January 2005
II
PREFACE
This thesis is sub divided in to 9 main chapters including the introductory part and the
final conclusion. The chapters are arranged in logical sequence beginning with
background and statement of the problem and the methodology employed in the
research (Chapter 1). Relevant features of the study area have been discussed in
Chapter 2. Water quality analysis, procedures, method validation and quality control
features are discussed in chapter 3. Interpretation of the results, design of
monitoring system and integration of monitoring and management follow in sequence
as chapters 4, 5 and 6 respectively. Modeling aspects are included in chapter 7 and
summary of the important findings are discussed in Chapter 8. Finally the conclusion
part is given in chapter 9.
The content page numbers at the beginning of the document refers to the main
chapters. In addition each chapter begins with a page listing the sub-topics within the
chapter in sequence. Page numbers are identified in sequence. Figures, equations
and graphs within chapters are likewise independently numbered in sequence as
Figure 4.1, Table 4.1, etc. List of Figures and tables have been supplied at the
beginning of each chapter to which they belong. Wherever abbreviations have been
used in the document, their meaning is listed in the list of abbreviations included at
the beginning of the document. An appendix chapter is included at the end, and
where data and calculations as well as tables and graphs have been included in the
appendix, they are referred to by the chapter number – sequence number. For
example the first appendix of chapter 5 is referred to as Appendix 5-1, etc.
A list of cited literature is attached at the end of this thesis and where the literature
has been referred to in the document it is identified by a number in the literature list,
for example, as [1] for the literature listed first. An acknowledgement page is
included at the beginning and the author owes a sincere gratitude to all persons and
organizations enlisted in that page for offering their support and in addition also owe
the same to others who he may have missed out of ignorance but were nonetheless
helpful to his research undertaking.
Ababu Teklemariam Tiruneh. University of Siegen, Germany. January 2005.
III
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ARIMA Auto Regressive Integrated with Moving Average
-1 Micro Siemens per centimeter µS.cm
Abs Absorption
ACB Abaya – Chamo Drainage Basin
AIC Akaik’s Information Criterion
ANC Acid Neutralising Capacity
ASTM American Society for Testing Materials
AWTI Arabminch Water Technology Institute (Ethiopia)
BC Base Cation
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CSA Central Statistical Authority Ethiopia
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung
DO Dissolved Oxygen
DSI Sodium Dominance Index
EDTA Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FCA Factor Analysis
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
GIS Geographic Information System
GPS Geographic Positioning System
I