Social Europe

Directorate-General For Employment Social Affairs And Inclusion European Commission

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Working time, employment and production capacity: Reorganization/reduction of working time
Labour market - free movement of workers

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• Publié par: DIRECTORATE-GENERAL-FOR-EMPLOYMENT_SOCIAL-AFFAIRS-AND-INCLUSION-EUROPEAN-COMMISS
• Nombre de lectures: 8
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 6 Mo

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Working time,
employment and
production capacity
Reorganization/
reduction of working
time
COMMISSION OF
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR
EMPLOYMENT, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
SUPPLEMENT 4/91 AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS Cover pictures: Philippart de Foy — Travel Pictures and P.A. Simon — Benelux Press. SOCIAL EUROPE
Working time, employment and production capacity
Reorganization/reduction of working time
SUPPLEMENT 4/91
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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EMPLOYMENT, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS The information contained in this publication does not necessarily reflect either the position or views of the
Commission of the European Communities.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1991
© ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels · Luxembourg, 1991
Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged.
Catalogue number: CE-NC-91-004-EN-C
ISBN 92-826-3514-7
Printed in Belgium WORKING TIME, EMPLOYMENT
AND PRODUCTION CAPACITY
REORGANIZATION/REDUCTION OF
WORKING TIME
Final report on the Mission assigned to D. TADDEI, consultant to
the Commission of the European Communities (DG II and DG V) TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 9
CHAPTER 1 : The reorganisation/reduction of
working time, a challenge for
the Community 11
SECTION 1.1: State of European opinion in March/April 1989 13
1.1.1 Survey conducted among workers
A. Attitudes to part-time work3
B. The length of the working week 15
C. Reorganisation of working time6
1.1.2 Survey among heads of undertakings7
A. Working week 1
B. Part-time workers8
C. Increase in shift work
D. Operating time of equipment 20
/. 1.3 Survey conducted in retai'/ trade2
A. Working week 2
B. Part-time work
C. Average opening hours
D. Dissociation between opening hours and working time 2
E. Trends in opening hours3
SECTION 1.2: Potential for job creation at macroeconomic level 25
/.2.1 Illustrative simulation exercises 2
A. The hypotheses5
B. The macroeconomic consequences of
RRWT 28
1.2.2 The single market and RRWT 32
A. The single market and the "J"
employment curve
B. Supporting the single market by means of 2RT 34 CHAPTER II: The lack of production capacity as the
economic basis for reorganisation/
reduction of working time 41
SECTION 11.1: The permanent role of production capacity3
11.1.1 The origins of the current situation 4
A. Growth, rate and content of employment
B. Supply or demand, the traditional dilemma of
economic policy5
C. The theoretical framework of analysis 46
//. 1.2 The basic principles of present-day supply policies8
A. The "two-handed approach" 4
B. The driving role of supply and the accompaniment of
demand 48
C. Limits of traditional supply policies 50
D. Action on the non-wage determinants of supply 51
11.1.3 The diversity of supply policies and their inter-relationship
A. Profitability policies: contradictions and limitations 51
B. Capacity policies 53
SECTION II.2: The lack of material capacity: a topical subject 55
11.2.1 The lack of material capacity, a legacy of the crisis
A. Global trends in capacity5
B. Compared dynamics of capacity and capital stock 57
C. Analysis of apparent capital productivity 58
D. Possible extensions of the analysis 61
//. 2.2 The difficulties of post-crisis recovery2
A. Capital stock inertia 6
B. The question of saving4
11.2.3 Will the 1990s be the decade of insufficient material
capacity? 65
A. In the West, the dangers of inflation 6
B. In the East, a structural insufficiency of
productive capacity7 CHAPTER III: The operating time of
factors of production 71
SECTION III.1: The operating time of equipment3
///. 7.1 Trends in the operating time of equipment
A. Empirical observations 7
B. A periodisation5
///. 7.2 The determinants of the operating time of equipment 76
A. Before deploying new equipment
B. Determinants of the operating time of
equipment installed8
SECTION III.2: Working time and employment 81
///. 2. 7 Recent developments 8
A. The job-sharing argument is an insufficient basis for
substantial job creation2
B. The concept of reorganizing working time serves to
highlight not only the contrasting effects of sharing
and profitability, but also the decisive role of
production capacity4
III. 2.2 Positive link between cyclical pressures and working time 85
SECTION III.3: Number of shifts and working time 87
111.3.1 The number of workers per shift, a variable of adjustment to
cyclical pressures 8
A. Dominant nature of shift work
B. Periodisation8
111.3.2 The greater the use of shifts, the shorter the working hours 90
A. Empirical observations 90
B. Supporting evidence2
SECTION III.4: From the enterprises' point of view5
///. 4.1 Very different modes6
A. The extension of daytime and weekday shifts 9
B. Many systems make it possible to avoid an increase in
night and/or Sunday working 99
C. Lengthening the working year 104
III.4.2 A few lessons drawn from case-studies of enterprises 107 CHAPTER IV: Implementing a
strategy of RRWT 113
SECTION IV.1: The key role of collective bargaining6
IV. 1.1. The difficulties of collective bargaining on RRWT 11
A. Difficulties inherent to any negotiation on working time .11
B.s peculiar to RRWT negotiations7
IV. 1.2. The new fields of negotiation on working time 119
A. The right to compensation for arduous timetables 120
B. Part-time work 122
C. Other themes4
IV. 1.3. The authorities involved in collective bargaining on
working time6
A. Member State level
B. At European Community level 128
SECTION IV.2: The encouragement and accompanying role of the
public authorities 131
IV. 2.1. The national public authorities
A. Statement of principles
B. Legislative and regulatory measures 13
C. Financial incentives2
D. Improving knowledge of the living conditions of
workers outside working hours6
E. Training the workforce 137
F. Improving expertise8
G. At Local Authority level9
IV.2.2. At Community level
A. Specific nature of Community instruments 140
B. Steps taken by the 12 141
C. Draft Directive concerning "certain aspects of the
reorganization of working time"3
D. For a "Reorganization of Working Time" Directive in
application of Article 100a of the Single Act 144
BIBLIOGRAPHY 151