Power and Identity in the Creative Writing Classroom
238 pages
English

Découvre YouScribe en t'inscrivant gratuitement

Je m'inscris

Power and Identity in the Creative Writing Classroom , livre ebook

Découvre YouScribe en t'inscrivant gratuitement

Je m'inscris
Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne
En savoir plus
238 pages
English
Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne
En savoir plus

Description

Power and Identity In the Creative Writing Classroom remaps theories and practices for teaching creative writing at university and college level. This collection critiques well-established approaches for teaching creative writing in all genres and builds a comprehensive and adaptable pedagogy based on issues of authority, power, and identity. A long-needed reflection, this book shapes creative writing pedagogy for the 21st century.


Foreword: The Authority Project Anna Leahy I. Understanding the Larger Influences Personal Therapeutic Writing vs. Literary Writing Nancy Kuhl. Who Cares—and How: The Value and Cost of Nurturing Anna Leahy. Inspiration, Creativity, and Crisis: The Romantic Myth of the Writer Meets the Contemporary Classroom Brent Royster. Reinventing Writing Classrooms: The Combination of Creating and Composing Evie Yoder Miller. The Double Bind and Stumbling Blocks: A Case Study as an Argument for Authority-Conscious Pedagogy Carl Vandermeulen. II. The Teacher’s Place, Voice, and Style Teaching and Evaluation: Why Bother? Mary Cantrell. Who’s the Teacher?: From Student to Mentor Audrey Petty. The Pregnant Muse: Assumptions, Authority, and Accessibility Rachel Hall. Dismantling Authority: Teaching What We Do Not Know Katharine Haake. III. Course Design Contracts, Radical Revision, Portfolios, and the Risks of Writing Wendy Bishop. An ‘A’ for Effort: How Grading Policies Shape Courses Suzanne Greenberg. Gender and Authorship: How Assumptions Shape Perceptions and Pedagogies Susan Hubbard. Writing the Community: Service Learning in Creative Writing Argie Manolis. IV. In the Classroom Where Do You Want Me To Sit?: Defining Authority through Metaphor Cathy Day. Duck, Duck, Turkey: Using Encouragement To Structure Workshop Assignments Mary Swander. How To Avoid Workshop Dilemmas: The Use of Myth to Teach Writerly Concepts Amy Sage Webb. Writing in the Shadows: Topics, Models, and Audiences that Focus on Language Sandy Feinstein. Afterword: The Reason It Is; the Rhyme It Isn’t Graeme Harper and Stephanie Vanderslice

Sujets

Informations

Publié par
Date de parution 11 novembre 2005
Nombre de lectures 0
EAN13 9781853598487
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 1 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0700€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Power and Identity in the Creative Writing Classroom: The Authority Project
NEW WRITING VIEWPOINTS Editor:Graeme Harper,University of Portsmouth, UK
The overall aim of this series is to publish books which will ultimately inform teaching and research, but whose primary focus is on the analysis of creative writing practice and theory. There will also be books which deal directly with aspects of creative writing knowledge, with issues of genre, form and style, with the nature and experience of creativity, and with the learning of creative writing. They will all have in common a concern with excellence in application and in understanding, with creative writing practitioners and their work, and with informed analysis of creative writing as process as well as completed artefact.
Other Books of Interest:
Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere Time Sharing on Stage: Drama Translation in Theatre and Society Sirkku Aaltonen Literary Translation: A Practical Guide Clifford E. Landers Translating Milan Kundera Michelle Woods CultureSpecific Language Styles: The Development of Oral Narrative and Literacy Masahiko Minami
For more details of these or any other of our publications, please contact: Multilingual Matters, Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon, BS21 7HH, England http://www.multilingualmatters.com
NEW WRITING VIEWPOINTS Series Editor: Graeme Harper
Power and Identity in the Creative Writing Classroom The Authority Project
Edited by Anna Leahy
MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD Clevedon  Buffalo  Toronto
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Power and Identity in the Creative Writing Classroom: The Authority Project Edited by Anna Leahy. New Writing Viewpoints: 1 Includes bibliographical references. 1. English language–Rhetoric–Study and teaching. 2. Creative writing (Higher education) I. Leahy, Anna. II. Series. PE1404.P618 2005 808'.042'0711–dc22 2005016342
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 185359847X /EAN 9781853598470 (hbk) ISBN 1853598461 /EAN 9781853598463 (pbk)
Multilingual Matters Ltd UK: Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon BS21 7HH. USA: UTP, 2250 Military Road, Tonawanda, NY 14150, USA. Canada: UTP, 5201 Dufferin Street, North York, Ontario M3H 5T8, Canada.
Copyright © 2005 Anna Leahy and the authors of individual chapters.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher.
Typeset by Gilbert Composing Services Ltd. Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd.
&RQWHQWV !CKNOWLEDGMENTSVII &OREWORD !NNA฀ ,EAHY฀
0ART฀ ฀ 5NDERSTANDING฀ THE฀ ,ARGER฀ )NmUENCES ฀ 0ERSONAL฀ 4HERAPEUTIC฀ 7RITING฀ VS฀ ,ITERARY฀ 7RITING .ANCY฀ +UHL฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 7HO฀ #ARES฀ n฀ AND฀ (OW฀ 4HE฀ 6ALUE฀ AND฀ #OST฀ OF฀ .URTURING !NNA฀ ,EAHY ฀ )NSPIRATION ฀ #REATIVITY ฀ AND฀ #RISIS฀ 4HE฀ 2OMANTIC฀ -YTH฀ OF THE฀ 7RITER฀ -EETS฀ THE฀ #ONTEMPORARY฀ #LASSROOM "RENT฀ 2OYSTER฀ 2EINVENTING฀ 7RITING฀ #LASSROOMS฀ 4HE฀ #OMBINATION฀ OF฀ #REATING฀ AND฀ #OMPOSING %VIE฀ 9ODER฀ -ILLER ฀ 4HE฀ $OUBLE฀ "IND฀ AND฀ 3TUMBLING฀ "LOCKS฀ !฀ #ASE฀ 3TUDY฀ AS AN฀ !RGUMENT฀ FOR฀ !UTHORITY CONSCIOUS฀ 0EDAGOGY #ARL฀ 6ANDERMEULEN
0ART฀ ฀ 4HE฀ 4EACHERS฀ 0LACE ฀ 6OICE ฀ AND฀ 3TYLE ฀ 4EACHING฀ AND฀ %VALUATION฀ 7HY฀ "OTHER ELLA-YR#NART฀ 7HOS฀ THE฀ 4EACHER฀ &ROM฀ 3TUDENT฀ TO฀ -ENTOR !UDREY฀ 0ETTY฀฀฀฀ 4HE฀ 0REGNANT฀ -USE฀ !SSUMPTIONS ฀ !UTHORITY ฀ AND !CCESSIBILITY 2ACHEL฀ (ALL฀฀ $ISMANTLING฀ !UTHORITY฀ 4EACHING฀ 7HAT฀ 7E฀ $O฀ .OT฀ +NOW +ATHARINE฀ (AAKE฀฀ ฀
0ART฀ ฀ #OURSE฀ $ESIGN ฀ #ONTRACTS ฀ 2ADICAL฀ 2EVISION ฀ 0ORTFOLIOS ฀ AND฀ THE฀ 2ISKS฀ OF 7RITING "YDNE7POHSI฀฀฀
V
I
X












VI
0OWER฀AND฀)DENTITY฀IN฀THE฀#REATIVE฀7RITING฀#LASSROOM
฀ !N฀ @!฀ FOR฀ %FFORT฀ (OW฀ 'RADING฀ 0OLICIES฀ 3HAPE฀ #OURSES 3UZANNE฀ 'REENBERG฀ ฀ 'ENDER฀ AND฀ !UTHORSHIP฀ (OW฀ !SSUMPTIONS฀ 3HAPE 0ERCEPTIONS฀ AND฀ 0EDAGOGIES 3USAN฀ (UBBARD฀ ฀ 7RITING฀ THE฀ #OMMUNITY฀ 3ERVICE฀ ,EARNING฀ IN฀ #REATIVE฀ 7RITING EA-ONILSR!IG฀
0ART฀ ฀ )N฀ THE฀ #LASSROOM ฀ 7HERE฀ $O฀ 9OU฀ 7ANT฀ -E฀ 4O฀ 3IT฀ $ElNING฀ !UTHORITY฀ THROUGH -ETAPHOR #ATHY฀ $AY฀฀ ฀ $UCK ฀ $UCK ฀ 4URKEY฀ 5SING฀ %NCOURAGEMENT฀ 4O฀ 3TRUCTURE 7ORKSHOP฀ !SSIGNMENTS -ARY฀ 3WANDER฀฀฀฀ ฀ (OW฀ 4O฀ !VOID฀ 7ORKSHOP฀ $ILEMMAS฀ 4HE฀ 5SE฀ OF฀ -YTH฀ TO 4EACH฀ 7RITERLY฀ #ONCEPTS !MY฀ 3AGE฀ 7EBB฀฀ ฀ 7RITING฀ IN฀ THE฀ 3HADOWS฀ 4OPICS ฀ -ODELS ฀ AND฀ !UDIENCES฀ THAT &OCUS฀ ON฀ ,ANGUAGE 3ANDY฀ &EINSTEIN฀
!FTERWORD 4HE฀ 2EASON฀ )T฀ )S฀ THE฀ 2HYME฀ )T฀ )SNT 'RAEME฀ (ARPER฀ AND฀ 3TEPHANIE฀ 6ANDERSLICE
!BOUT฀ THE฀ !UTHORS฀฀
฀฀


7RITINGINTHE3HADOWS
$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV
/NBEHALFOFALLTHECONTRIBUTORSTOTHISCOLLECTION )THANK!NNA2ODERICKOF฀ -ULTILINGUAL฀ -ATTERS฀ AND฀ (EATHER฀ "ECK฀ OF฀ -ANCHESTER฀ -ETROPOLITAN฀ 5NIVERSITY ฀ BOTH฀ OF฀ WHOM฀ SUPPORTED฀ AND฀ HELPED฀ US฀ FOCUS฀ OUR฀ WORK฀ -ANY฀ OTHERS฀ ALSO฀ OFFERED฀ US฀ WORDS฀ OF฀ ENCOURAGEMENT฀ AS฀ WE฀ SHARED฀ OUR฀ RESEARCH฀ AND฀ IDEAS฀ AT฀ CONFERENCES฀ AND฀ IN฀ CONVERSATIONS )฀ ACKNOWLEDGE฀ .ORTH฀ #ENTRAL฀ #OLLEGE ฀ WHICH฀ PROVIDED฀ ME฀ WITH฀ A฀ *UNIOR฀ &ACULTY฀ %NHANCEMENT฀ 'RANT฀ THAT฀ ALLOWED฀ THE฀ TIME฀ AND฀ ENERGY฀ FOR฀ REVISION฀ OF฀4HE฀ !UTHORITY฀ 0ROJECT฀ 4HE฀ COLLEGE฀ ALSO฀ RECOGNIZED฀ MY RESEARCHANDWRITINGWITHTHE$ISSINGER!WARDFOR&ACULTY3CHOLARSHIP3EVERAL฀INDIVIDUAL฀COLLEAGUES฀THERE ฀BOTH฀WITHIN฀AND฀BEYOND฀THE฀%NGLISH฀ $EPARTMENT ฀HAVE฀ENCOURAGED฀MY฀PROFESSIONAL฀DEVELOPMENT ฀PARTICULARLY฀ AT฀ THOSE฀ TIMES฀ WHEN฀ )฀ FELT฀ OVERWHELMED฀ BY฀ OTHER฀ OBLIGATIONS !฀ PARTIAL฀ FELLOWSHIP฀ FROM฀ THE฀ 6ERMONT฀ 3TUDIO฀ #ENTER฀ SUPPORTED฀ TIME฀ FOR฀ THIS฀ PROJECT฀ AT฀ AN฀ EARLY฀ STAGE฀ AND฀ FOR฀ OTHER ฀ CREATIVE฀ WRITING฀ PROJECTS )฀ THANK฀ MY฀ MOTHER ฀ SISTER ฀ AND฀ AUNT฀ FOR฀ THEIR฀ ENCOURAGEMENT฀ OVER฀ THE฀ PAST฀ SEVERAL฀ YEARS฀ 4HANKS฀ ALSO฀ TO฀ MY฀ FATHER ฀ WHO฀ WANTED฀ TO฀ BE฀ A฀ WRITER฀ HIMSELF฀ BUT฀ WHO฀ DID฀ NOT฀ LIVE฀ TO฀ SEE฀ MY฀ lRST฀ PUBLICATION฀ &INALLY ฀ THANKS฀ TO฀ $OUGLAS฀ $ECHOW ฀ MY฀ MOST฀ VOCIFEROUS฀ SUPPORTER฀ AND฀ MOST฀ INSIGHTFUL฀ READER ฀ WITH฀ WHOM฀ )M฀ LUCKY฀ TO฀ COLLABORATE฀ ON฀ A฀ NUMBER฀ OF฀ ENDEAVORS
VII
VII
VIII
4HE฀!UTHORITY฀0ROJECT
&OREWORD
)RUHZRUG
$11$ /($+<
I X
7ITH฀ HUNDREDS฀ OF฀ UNDERGRADUATE฀ AND฀ GRADUATE฀ CREATIVE฀ WRITING฀ PROGRAMSINEXISTENCEANDWITHNUMEROUSOTHERCOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIESOFFERING฀ AT฀ LEAST฀ CREATIVE฀ WRITING฀ COURSEWORK ฀ MANY฀ OF฀ US ฀ THOUGH฀ WE฀ MAY฀ HAVE฀ BEEN฀ HIRED฀ BECAUSE฀ WE฀ WRITE ฀ ARE฀ PAID฀TO฀ TEACH฀ !RTICULATING฀ A฀ COHERENT฀ CREATIVE฀ WRITING฀ PEDAGOGY฀ n฀ ฀AS฀ WE฀ HAVE฀ DONE฀ HERE฀ IN฀0OWER฀ AND฀ )DENTITY฀ IN฀ 4HE฀ #REATIVE฀ 7RITING฀ #LASSROOM฀ 4HE฀ !UTHORITY฀ 0ROJECT฀ n฀ ฀IS฀ NOW฀ IMPORTANT฀ FOR฀ SEVERAL฀ REASONS฀ TO฀ ESTABLISH฀ CREATIVE฀ WRITING฀ AS฀ A฀ DISTINCT฀ AND฀ VALUABLE฀ lELD฀ IN฀ %NGLISH฀ STUDIES฀ MORE฀ THAN฀ A฀ DECADE฀ AFTER฀ *OSEPH฀ -OXLEYS฀  ฀ EDITED฀ COLLECTION ฀#REATIVE฀ 7RITING฀ IN฀ !MERICALAID฀ GROUNDWORK฀ TO฀ RETHINK฀ PREVALENT฀ ASSUMPTIONS฀ ABOUT฀ WORKSHOPS฀ AND฀ OTHER฀ COMMON฀ PRACTICES฀ IN฀ ORDER฀ TO฀ BOTH฀ UNDERSTAND฀ AND฀ REVISE฀ THEM฀ TO฀ DOCUMENT฀ AND฀ SHARE฀ A฀ UNIlED฀ BUT฀ ADAPTABLE฀ APPROACH฀ FOR฀ THOSE฀ ENTERING฀ AND฀ CONTINUING฀ TO฀ TEACH฀ IN฀ THE฀ lELD฀ AND฀ TO฀ DEMYSTIFY฀ TEACHING฀ AND฀ SEPARATE฀ IT฀ FROM฀ WRITING฀ IN฀ WAYS฀ THAT฀ ULTIMATELY฀ BENElT฀ BOTH฀ STUDENT฀ LEARNING฀ AND฀ FACULTY฀ SATISFACTION !UTHORITY฀ IS฀ AN฀ OFTEN฀ LITTLE DISCUSSED฀ CONCEPT฀ CENTRAL฀ BOTH฀ TO฀ PEDA GOGY฀ IN฀ GENERAL฀ AND฀ TO฀ THE฀ WRITING฀ PROCESS฀ /UR฀ PROJECT฀ DOES฀ NOT฀ EMBRACE฀ AUTHORITARIANISM ฀ THE฀ SIMPLISTIC฀ SENSE฀ OF฀ AUTHORITY฀ AS฀ THE฀ TEACHERS฀ POWER฀ TO฀ GIVE฀ ORDERS฀ TO฀ YOUNG฀ CREATIVE฀ WRITING฀ STUDENTS฀ AUTHORITY฀ IS฀ NOT฀ SIMPLE ฀ CENTRALIZED฀ DISSEMINATION฀ IN฀ THE฀ CLASSROOM฀ )NSTEAD ฀ OUR฀ WORK฀ AS฀ A฀ WHOLE฀ OFFERS฀ AND฀ PLAYS฀ WITH฀ VARIOUS฀ WAY ฀S฀ TO฀CONlGURE฀AUTHORITY฀AS฀THE฀EXPERTISE฀OF฀THE฀TEACHER฀OR฀OF฀THE฀STUDENTS ฀ AS฀ AN฀ AGENCY฀ OR฀ ACTION฀ FOR฀ ACCOMPLISHING฀ THINGS ฀ AS฀ A฀ SET฀ OF฀ MUTUALLY฀ BENElCIAL฀ OR฀ AGREED UPON฀ GUIDELINES฀ FOR฀ FOSTERING฀ SUCCESS ฀ AS฀ A฀ SE฀T฀ OF฀ EVALUATION฀ CRITERIA ฀ AS฀ SEEMINGLY฀ INHERENT฀ FORCES฀ IN฀ WRITING฀ AND฀ TEACHING ฀ AND฀ EVEN฀ AS฀ AUTHORSHIP฀ ITSELF฀ !UTHORITY ฀ FOR฀ THE฀ CONTRIBUTORS฀ TO฀4HE฀ !UTHORITY฀ 0ROJECT ฀ INVOLVES฀ EXPLORING฀ WHO฀ HAS฀ PERMISSION฀ TO฀ DO฀ WHAT ฀ WHO฀ HAS฀ WHICH฀ RIGHTS฀ IN฀ THE฀ CREATIVE฀ AND฀ ACADEMIC฀ PROCESSES ฀ HOW฀ IDEAS฀ AND฀ INDIVIDUALS฀ ARE฀ PRIVILEGED ฀ WHO฀ HAS฀ CONTROL฀ IN฀ THE฀ CREATIVE฀ WRITING฀ CLASSROOM ฀ AND฀ HOW฀ ALL฀ THESE฀ ARE฀ IN฀ mUX฀ 4HE฀ GOAL฀
IX
X
0OWER฀AND฀)DENTITY฀IN฀THE฀#REATIVE฀7RITING฀#LASSROOM
WE฀ HAVE฀ ACHIEVED฀ IN฀4HE฀ !UTHORITY฀ 0ROJECT฀ IS฀ TO฀ CONlGURE฀ AN฀ ADAPTABLE฀ PEDAGOGY฀ IN฀ WHICH฀ AUTHORITY฀ GUIDES฀ US฀ AS฀ TEACHERS฀ IN฀ ENCOURAGING฀ STUDENT฀ LEARNING /VER฀ THE฀ LAST฀ SEVERAL฀ DECADES ฀ CREATIVE฀ WRITING฀ TEACHERS฀ HAVE฀ BUILT฀ EDIlCES฀FOR฀OUR฀PEDAGOGY฀SO฀THAT฀INSTRUCTORS฀MIGHT฀MOVE฀AROUND฀AMONG฀ THEM฀ WITH฀ LITTLE฀ GUIDANCE฀ TO฀ lND฀ THEIR฀ OWN฀ WAYS฀4HE฀ !UTHORITY฀ 0ROJECT ARTICULATES ฀ QUESTIONS ฀ AND฀ MAKES฀ ADAPTATIONS฀ TO฀ THE฀ PEDAGOGICAL฀ PATHS฀ THAT฀ HAVE฀ EMERGED฀ ON฀ OUR฀ LANDSCAPE฀ 4HIS฀ COLLECTION฀ ASSERTS฀ THAT฀ BY฀ BECOMING฀ CONSCIOUS฀ OF฀ AUTHORITY฀ n฀ ฀IN฀ VARIOUS฀ FORMS฀ n฀ ฀AS฀ THE฀ GUIDING฀ PEDAGOGICAL฀PRINCIPLE ฀WE฀CAN฀UNDERSTAND฀THE฀THEORETICAL฀UNDERPINNINGS฀ OF฀ THE฀ lELD฀ AND฀ ALSO฀ MAKE฀ POSITIVE฀ DECISIONS฀ ABOUT฀ OUR฀ CLASSROOMS฀ !UTHORITY ฀ AS฀ A฀ GUIDING฀ PRINCIPLE฀ IN฀ OUR฀ TEACHING ฀ MAKES฀ CENTRAL฀ THE฀ HUMAN ฀ THE฀ CULTURAL ฀ AND฀ THE฀ TEXTUAL฀ ELEMENTS฀ OF฀ OUR฀ PEDAGOGY฀ n฀ ฀OR฀ ANDRAGOGY ฀ AS฀ TENETS฀ OF฀ ADULT฀ LEARNING฀ ARE฀ CALLED฀ IN฀ %UROPE฀ n฀ ฀AND฀ ENCOURAGES฀ COLLEGE LEVEL฀ TEACHERS฀ TO฀ PARTICIPATE฀ MOST฀ THOUGHTFULLY฀ AND฀ PRODUCTIVELY฀ IN฀ THEIR฀ PROFESSIONAL฀ LIVES฀ SO฀ THAT฀ STUDENTS ฀ TOO ฀ mOURISH 4HE฀ !UTHORITY฀ 0ROJECT฀ GREW฀ OUT฀ OF฀ A฀ PANEL฀ FOR฀ THE฀ !SSOCIATED฀ 7RITING฀ 0ROGRAMS฀ #ONFERENCE฀ NOW฀ CALLED฀ THE฀ !SSOCIATION฀ OF฀ 7RITERS฀ AND฀ 7RITING฀ 0ROGRAMS ฀ WHERE฀ SEVEN฀ OF฀ THIS฀ BOOKS฀ AUTHORS฀ SHARED฀ BASIC฀ IDEAS฀ ABOUT฀ HOW฀ THEY฀ TEACH฀ CREATIVE฀ WRITING฀ AND฀ WHY฀ SOME฀ WAYS฀ OF฀ THINKING฀ ABOUT฀ TEACHING฀ AND฀ OF฀ DESIGNING฀ COURSES฀ AND฀ ASSIGNMENTS฀ ARE฀ WORKING฀ OR฀ NOT฀ WORKING฀ !N฀ OVERRIDING฀ CONCERN฀ WITH฀ HOW฀ AUTHORITY฀ FUNCTIONSINWORKSHOPSTYLECLASSROOMSnTHOSEINWHICHSTUDENTSSHAREAND฀ RESPOND฀ TO฀ EACH฀ OTHERS฀ WRITING฀ n฀ ฀WAS฀ EVIDENT฀ EVEN฀ IN฀ OUR฀ EARLY฀ DISCUSSIONS฀ /UR฀ INITIAL฀ GROUP฀ GREW฀ TO฀ INCLUDE฀ THE฀ ฀ WRITER TEACHERS฀ REPRESENTEDHEREAS4HE!UTHORITY0ROJECT WHICHASSERTSTHATAUTHORITYCONSCIOUS฀ PEDAGOGY฀ CAN฀ AND฀ SHOULD฀ SHAPE฀ OUR฀ lELD฀ IN฀ GENERAL฀ AND฀ SHOULD฀ GUIDE฀ OUR฀ INDIVIDUAL฀ DECISIONS฀ ABOUT฀ HOW฀ WE฀ DElNE฀ OURSELVES฀ AND฀ HOW฀ WE฀ TEACH฀ THE฀ SUBJECT฀ IN฀ TODAYS฀ CLASSROOMS 7ALLACE฀ 3TEGNER฀  ฀ IN฀/N฀ 4EACHING฀ AND฀ 7RITING฀ &ICTION ฀ POINTS฀ OUT฀ THAT ฀ WHILE฀ %UROPE฀ DEVELOPED฀ LITERARY฀ CENTERS฀ WHERE฀ YOUNG฀ WRITERS฀ APPRENTICED฀ THEMSELVES฀ TO฀ MASTER WRITERS฀ IN฀ CAF¿S฀ AND฀ PUBS ฀ THE฀ 5NITED฀ 3TATES ฀ BECAUSE฀ OF฀ ITS฀ GEOGRAPHICAL฀ EXPANSE ฀ HAS฀ DEVELOPED฀ COLLEGES฀ AND฀ UNIVERSITIES฀ AS฀ GATHERING฀ PLACES฀ FOR฀ WRITING฀ TALENT฀ TO฀ BE฀ ENCOURAGED฀ 7HICH฀ COLLEGE฀ OR฀ UNIVERSITY฀ DESERVES฀ CREDIT฀ FOR฀ PUTTING฀ INTO฀ PLACE฀ THE฀ lRST฀ ACADEMIC฀ CREATIVE฀ WRITING฀ COURSE฀ OR฀ PROGRAM฀ AND ฀ THEREBY ฀ INITIATING฀ THIS฀ PHENOMENON฀ IS฀ UP฀ FOR฀ DEBATE ฀ PARTICULARLY฀ WHEN฀ CONSIDERED฀ ON฀ BOTH฀ SIDES฀ OF฀ THE฀ !TLANTIC฀ !CCORDING฀ TO฀ THE฀ WEB฀ SITE฀ OF฀ THE฀ )OWA฀ 7RITERS฀ 7ORKSHOP ฀ THAT฀ PROGRAM฀ WAS฀ ESTABLISHED฀ IN฀  ฀ ฀ YEARS฀ AFTER฀ THE฀ INSTITUTION฀ DEEMED฀ CREATIVE฀ WORK฀ ACCEPTABLE฀ AS฀ A฀ GRADUATE฀ THESIS฀ /THER฀ PROGRAMS฀ AND฀ SCHOLARS฀ SUGGEST฀ CREATIVE฀ WRITING฀
  • Univers Univers
  • Ebooks Ebooks
  • Livres audio Livres audio
  • Presse Presse
  • Podcasts Podcasts
  • BD BD
  • Documents Documents