Federalism in Africa

Alik1

Description

The book covers both the theoretical and practical aspects of the functioning of federal systems on the African continent. The reader gets an opportunity to familiarise him/herself in greater details with the Nigerian federation in its past and present, vis-�-vis �the national question� and the problem of fiscal federalism. The book also reveals the subject of �ethnic federalism� in its �pure form� as exemplified in Ethiopia Furthermore, analyses the use of hybrid, quasi-federative policy instruments in countries like Tanzania, Republic of South Africa, Sudan, Kenya and others. It addresses the issue of the �opportunistic� use of the federal idea, its abuse in various socio-economic and political circumstances (Nigeria), as well as the occasional and sometimes very short exposition of federalism (Madagascar) and confederalism (Senegambia). In general, the articles in the book present federalism from different angles, revealing the complex and contradictory nature of the concept and the ambiguous experience of its implementation in the African reality.

Informations

• Publié par: MeaBooks Inc
• Date de parution: 13 juin 2016
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9781988391014
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

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FEDERALISM IN AFRICA: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES

Meabooks Inc. 2016

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FEDERALISM IN AFRICA: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES

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ɎɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɜȺɮɪɢɤɟ:ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ. Federalism in Africa: Problems and Perspectives.Ɇ.,ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬȺɮɪɢɤɢɊȺɇ, 2015. – 220ɫ.:ɫɢɥɥ. ȼɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟɨɫɜɟɳɚɸɬɫɹɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɢɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɚȺɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɟ. ȼɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ–ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɞɜɭɯɧɚɭɱɧɵɯɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ.ȼɚɧɝɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶɤɧɢɝɢɜɨɲɥɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ,ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯɧɚɫɟɤɰɢɢ «ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ: 100ɥɟɬɩɨɫɥɟɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ» («Nigeria: 100 Years After Amalgamation»).Ɉɧɚɛɵɥɚɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚɜɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɏIIIɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɢɫɬɨɜ,ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɜɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟȺɮɪɢɤɢ ɊȺɇɜɆɨɫɤɜɟ27–30ɦɚɹ2014ɝ.Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɹɡɵɱɧɚɹɱɚɫɬɶɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨɫɬɨɥɚ «ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ»,ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟȺɮɪɢɤɢɊȺɇ 12ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 2014ɝ. ɋɬɚɬɶɢɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬɢɫɬɨɪɢɸɢɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɇɢɝɟɪɢɢ,ɗɮɢɨɩɢɢ,Ɍɚɧɡɚɧɢɢ,ɧɚ Ɇɚɞɚɝɚɫɤɚɪɟ,ɜɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯȺɮɪɢɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ,ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ,ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɨɜ,ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɨɜ.

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ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ TABLE OF CONTENTS

ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɧɚɰɢɢɮɟɞɟɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ:ɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ.............. 5 PREFACE. Why Nations Federate: Towards an Understanding of Federalism .......10

ɑȺɋɌɖɉȿɊȼȺə. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚɜɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɫɬɪɚɧɚɯȺɮɪɢɤɢ............. 15 PART ONE. The Challenges of Federalism in Selected African States................15

–ɋɜɟɬɥɚɧɚɒɥɺɧɫɤɚɹ.ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚɜɊɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɆɚɞɚɝɚɫɤɚɪ.............................................. 15 – Svetlana Shlenskaya.Some Features of the Genesis of Federalism in the Republic of Madagascar ............................................15

–Ɋɨɡɚ ɂɫɦɚɝɢɥɨɜɚ.ɗɮɢɨɩɢɹ:ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦ ɢɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ............................................................................................... 25 – Roza Ismagilova.Ethiopia: Federalism and Traditional Institutions ............................................................................................... 25

–ɌɚɬɶɹɧɚȾɟɧɢɫɨɜɚ.ɋɟɧɟɝɚɦɛɢɹ:ɭɪɨɤɢɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ..................................................................................... 43 – Tatyana Denisova.Senegambia: Lessons of African Confederalism .......................................................................................... 44

–ɏɪɢɫɬɢɧɚ Ɍɭɪɶɢɧɫɤɚɹ.ɄɜɚɡɢɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɜȺɮɪɢɤɟ: ɈɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹɊɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɍɚɧɡɚɧɢɹ76 .................................................. – Khristina Turinskaya.Quasi-federalism in Africa: United Republic of Tanzania .................................................................. 76

PART TWO. The Challenges of Federalism in Nigeria............................................95 ɑȺɋɌɖȼɌɈɊȺə . ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚɜɇɢɝɟɪɢɢ................................................. 95

– Igho Natufe.The Amalgamation of Nigeria and the Quest for a Nation .............................................................................................. 95 –ɂɝɯɨ ɇɚɬɭɮɟ.Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɇɢɝɟɪɢɢɢɩɨɢɫɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.................................................................................95

– Itse Sagay.Nigeria, 1914–2014: The Amalgamation and Its Aftermath ............................................................................................130 –ɂɰɟɋɚɝɚɣ.ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ, 1914–2014:ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɟɝɨɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ..................................................................................130

– Julius Adekunle.The 1914 Amalgamation in Nigeria: «An Unholy Alliance?» ...........................................................................158 –Ⱦɠɭɥɢɭɫ Ⱥɞɟɤɭɧɥɟ.Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɇɢɝɟɪɢɢ1914ɝ.: «ɉɨɪɨɱɧɵɣɚɥɶɹɧɫ»? .............................................................................158

–ȿmmanuel Ejere.Amalgamation of 1914 and the National Question in Nigeria ..................................................................................173 –ɗɦɦɚɧɭɷɥɶɗɞɠɟɪɟ.Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ1914ɝ.ɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɜɇɢɝɟɪɢɢ...................................................................................173

– Olajide Akanji. The Dilemma of Unity in Diversity: The Amalgamations and the Problem of National Stability in Nigeria .................................................................................................190 –ɈɥɚɞɠɢɞɟȺɤɚɧɞɠɢ.Ⱦɢɥɟɦɦɚɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚɜɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ: ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɇɢɝɟɪɢɢ................................................................................................190

ɋȼȿȾȿɇɂə ɈȻȺȼɌɈɊȺɏ...............................................................206 CONTRIBUTORS.................................................................................206

ɂɅɅɘɋɌɊȺɐɂɂ...............................................................................208 FIGURES................................................................................................208

ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ

ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɧɚɰɢɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ

ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ Ɇɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɞ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɢɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɨɜɨɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɭɸ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɇɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ-ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɟɞɨɜ Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ,ɱɬɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɫɢɪɟɧɚɦ ɱɶɟ ɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ©ɝɪɚɧɹɦɢª ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɧɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦ ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ Ɇɚɣɤɥ Ȼɟɪɞɠɟɫ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ 1 ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ. ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɹɝɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɛɵɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɨ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɟ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɸɪɢɫɞɢɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɬɨ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ

5

ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵ ɮɟɞɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɭ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ©ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣª ɰɟɧɬɪ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɚɟɬ ©ɮɟɞɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵª ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨ- ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ Ⱦɟɛɚɬɵ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɷɬɧɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɦ ɤ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ȿɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɭɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɢ Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ©ɧɚɰɢɹª ɞɜɨɹɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦ ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɚɯ ɇɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɤ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɬɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ȼ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɮɟɞɟɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɬɨɛɵ ©ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɫª ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɪɟɧɟ ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɦɧɢɦɵɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɭɝɪɨɡ ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ

Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.ɉɭɛɥɢɤɭɟɦɵɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɥ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɫ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ȼ ɚɧɝɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ–ɱɚɫɬɶ -ɹ)ɜɨɲɥɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ©ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ  ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹª («Nigeria: 100 Years AIWHU $PDOJDPDWLRQª Ɉɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɏ,,, ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ©Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɨɜɨɟª ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɟɣ ɜ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɊȺɇ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ27–30ɦɚɹ

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