Seeking Urban Transformation

Davison Muchadenyika

Description

Seeking Urban Transformation. Alternative Urban Futures in Zimbabwe tells the stories of ordinary people’s struggles to remake urban centres. It interrogates and highlights the principle conditions in which urban transformation takes place. The main catalysts of the transformation are social movements and planning institutions. Social movements pool resources and skills, acquire land, install infrastructure and build houses. Planning institutions change policies, regulations and traditions to embrace and support a new form of urban development driven by grassroots movements.
Besides providing a comprehensive analysis of planning and housing in Zimbabwe, there is a specific focus on three urban centres of Harare, Chitungwiza and Epworth. In metropolitan Harare, the books examines new housing and infrastructure series to the predominantly urban poor population; vital roles played by the urban poor in urban development and the adoption by planning institutions of grassroots-centered, urban-planning approaches.
The book draws from three case studies and in-depth interviews from diverse urban shapers i.e. representatives and members of social movements, urban planners, engineers, surveyors, policy makers, politicians, civil society workers and students to generate a varied selection of insights and experiences. Based on the Zimbabwean experience, the book illustrates how actions and power of ordinary people contributes to the transformation of African cities.

Informations

• Publié par: Weaver Press
• Date de parution: 10 février 2020
• Nombre de lectures: 3
• EAN13: 9781779223685
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 11 Mo

Extrait

Seeking Urban Transformation:
Alternative Urban Futures in ZimbabweSeeking Urban Transformation:
Alternative Urban Futures in Zimbabwe
Davison MuchadenyikaPublished by
Weaver Press,
Box 1922, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe, 2020
© Davison Muchadenyika, 2020
Cover: Danes Design, Harare
Figures and Maps by Street Savvy, Harare
All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means –
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise – without
the express written permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-1-77922-367-8 (p/b)
ISBN: 978-1-77922-368-5 (e-pub)Contents
About the Author vii
List of Tables, Boxes and Figures ix
Acronyms xiii
Chronology (1890-2018) xvii
Preface xxix
1. Introduction: Transformation Drivers 1
2. Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives 14
3. Planning and Housing: A History 25
4. Metropolitan Harare: Past, Present and Future 53
5. Urban Economies, Politics and Governance
(1980-2018) 75
6. Harare: the Transformation of a City 105
7. Chitungwiza: A Fractured City 144
8. Epworth: The Informal-Formal Transition 167
9. Redefning a New Urban Future 196
10. Bibliography 217About the Author
Davison Muchadenyika is an urban planner who has worked
for universities, nongovernmental organizations and international
development agencies. Between 2015 and 2017, he read for his PhD at the
University of the Western Cape, South Africa. He was a research fellow
at the African Centre for Cities and Climate System Analysis Group, both
at the University of Cape Town. There, he conducted research in Lusaka,
Maputo and Windhoek. Further, he worked for Danish Church Aid in
Harare as a Research Coordinator where he led three fagship reports:
Cities at the Crossroads: The State of Service Delivery, The Uncertainty
of 2018: Local Government Elections Survey Report, and Cities in
Distress: Municipal Budgeting and Financial Management Survey. He
has written about fve book chapters and more than 12 articles in journals
such as Cities, Urban Forum, Habitat International, Journal of Southern
African Studies, Journal of International Development, Development
Policy Review, among others.
viiList of Tables, Boxes and Figures
List of Tables
Table 3.1 Planning standards 34
Table 3.2 Infrastructure standards 34
Table 3.3 Housing construction standards 34
Table 3.4 LARP housing projects 44
Table 3.5 National housing loan development facility projects 47
Table 3.6 NHDP (2014-2018) major focus issues 49
Table 3.7 Housing projects in Zimbabwe as of 12 December 2014 50
Table 4.1 Demographic trends in metropolitan Harare 54
Table 4.2 Zimbabwe’s urban population (1992-2012) 54
Table 4.3 Basic housing and infrastructure features for Harare 56
Table 4.4 Major infrastructure, planning and governance
developments in Salisbury (1890-1935) 58
Table 4.5 Development of African housing in Salisbury (1950-1979) 59
Table 4.6 Basic planning and housing features for Chitungwiza 65
Table 4.7 Historical development of Chitungwiza (1951-1979) 66
Table 4.8 Status of planning and housing in Epworth 73
Table 5.1 State of fnances in 32 urban centres (USD) (2013-2016) 84
Table 5.2 Political parties’ control of urban councils (2002-2018) 87
Table 5.3 Improper land deals to Bulawayo City Councillors 94
Table 5.4 Post-2000 major political events and impacts on
metropolitan Harare 97
Table 5.5 Urbanization and housing statistics for Zimbabwe 100
Table 6.1 State of housing in the movements under study 106
Table 6.2 Status of housing co-operatives on council land (2000-2015) 107
Table 6.3 Actors and their contribution to housing (2000-2015) 108
Table 6.4 Infrastructure developed by housing movements 109
ixTable 6.5 Resource mobilization by co-operatives 112
Table 6.6 ZIHOPFE daily and Gungano savings (2010-2015) 113
Table 6.7 Services offered to co-operatives by DHCS in 2010 119
Table 6.8 Aspects and principles of Harare Slum-upgrading
Strategy 120
Table 6.9 Layout approval time-frames 122
Table 6.10 Planning and housing status in Caledonia before
regularization 125
Table 6.11 Development status on state land 130
Table 6.12 Land invasions, acquisition and housing movements 133
Table 6.13 Odar Farm (Southlea Park) summary of events 136
Table 6.14 Saturday Retreat Farm (Southview Park)
summary of events 140
Table 7.1 Ideal processes of planning and housing
in Chitungwiza 157
Table 8.1 Epworth property stock 177
Table 8.2 Areas of origin for households 178
Table 8.3 Reasons for migrating to Epworth 179
Table 8.4 Informal settlers and preferred upgrading model 184
Table 8.5 In situ upgrading and formalization processes 185
List of Boxes
box 3.1 The nature of Operation Garikai in Marondera-
Elmswood residential development 47
box 5.1 Land and housing policies under MDC’s Smart
City Initiative: Immediate incorporation of peri-
urban housing settlements 92
box 6.1 City of Harare regularization notice 126
box 7.1 Impacts of co-operative activities on spatial
planning in Chitungwiza 153
box 8.1 Land sales as narrated through life history 168
x xiList of Figures
Figure 8.1: Condition of Buildings, Epworth Ward 7 189
Figure 8.2: Orientation of Buildings, Epworth Ward 7 190
Figure 8.3: Layout Plan Produced from Community Participation 193
Figure 8.4: Approved Layout Plan, Ward 7 Epworth 194
xi Acronyms
AGMs Annual General Meetings
BCC Bulawayo City Council
BSAC British South Africa Company
CABS Central African Building Society
CBOs Community Based Organisations
CHITREST Chitungwiza Residents’ T rust
CHRRA Chitungwiza Residents and Rate Payers
Association
COH City of Harare
CSOs Civil Society Organisations
DA District Administrator
DHCS Department of Housing and Community Services
DOS Dialogue on Shelter
DPP Department of Physical Planning, MLGPWNH.
DUPS Department of Urban Planning Services (City of
Harare)
EHHCSLC Education, Health, Housing, Community Services
and Licensing Committee
ELB Epworth Local Board
EMA Environmental Management Agency
ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme
FGDs Focus Group Discussions
FTLRP Fast Track Land Reform Programme
GIS Geographic Information System
GN General Notice
GoZ Government of Zimbabwe
HGF Housing Guarantee Fund
HHDS Homelink Housing Development Scheme
HSUFF Harare Slum-upgrading Finance Facility
HSUP Harare Slum-upgrading Programme
HSUS Harare Slum-upgrading Strategy
LARP Local Authorities Reorientation Programme
LGB Local Government Board
xiii
Seeking Urban Transformation: Alternative Urban Futures in Zimbabwe Acronyms
LP A Local Planning Authorities
MDC Movement for Democratic Change
MLGPWNH Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and
National Housing
MOA Memorandum of Agreement
MOSMECD Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises and
Cooperative Development
MP Member of Parliament
MTP Medium T erm Plan
MYGEC Ministry of Youth, Gender and Employment Creation
NGO Non-Governmental Or ganisation
NHDP National Housing Delivery Programme
NHF National Housing Fund
NHP National Housing Policy
NTFH National Task Force on Housing
OG/L W Operation Garikai/Live W ell
OHDC Odar Housing Development Consortium
OM/RO Operation Murambatsvina / Restore Order
POS Political Opportunity Structures
RBZ Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe
RMT Resource Mobilisation Theory
RTCPA Regional Town and Country Planning Act
SI Statutory Instrument
SMOs Social Movement Organisations
STERP Short-Term Economic Recovery Programme
TNDP T ransitional National Development Programme
UCs Urban Councils
UDCORP Urban Development Corporation
UN United Nations
UPF Urban Poor Fund
USA United States of America
USAID United States Agency for International Development
USD United States Dollar
USLO Urban State Land Offce
WADCO Ward Development Committee
ZANU-PF Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front
ZESA Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority
xiv xvSeeking Urban Transformation: Alternative Urban Futures in Zimbabwe Acronyms
ZIHOPFE Zimbabwe Homeless People Federation
ZimStat Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency
ZINAHCO Zimbabwe National Association of Housing
Cooperatives
ZINARA Zimbabwe National Roads Administration
ZINW A Zimbabwe National W ater Authority
ZPSHP Zimbabwe Private Sector Housing Programme
ZRP Zimbabwe Republic Police
ZT A Zimbabwe T obacco Association
ZW$ Zimbabwean Dollar
xv Chronology (1890-2018)
1890 British South Africa Company (BSAC) sites Salisbury
(present-day Harare) in September. Site selected for
military, agricultural and ecological reasons.
1891 First town plan for Harare prepared with 2,548 stands.
Proposal to change the site of the town (Harare) to
Norton, Mvurwi, Darwendale or Rusape declined by
property developers.
1892 Salisbury Sanitary Board (SSB) established with a
mandate to provide water and sewerage