Understanding the Human Body

Qa International Collectif

Description

With 6 trillion cells, 206 bones, and 600 muscles, the human body is an amazing living mechanism that is in intense and constant activity.
For all curious readers, the Knowledge Guides open the door to a world of complex and captivating phenomena.
Accurate, detailed visual information is all defined in lay language to make it readily accessible to the non-expert. Definitions to scientific terms are given either in the explanation itself, or in the comprehensive glossary.

Sujets

• Corps humain
• Biologie humaine
• Anatomie humaine

Informations

• Publié par: Québec Amérique
• Date de parution: 09 août 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9782764408926
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 41 Mo

Extrait

Human Body
Understanding
The

THE VISUAL GUIDES

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human
The
body

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Dr Alain Beaudet
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery
McGill University
Dr Amanda Black
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Queen’s University
Dr Richard Cloutier
Département de dermatologie
Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec
Dr Luisa Deutsch
KGK Synergize
DrRené Dinh
Dr etteyoG einnA
Département d’ophtalmologie
Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec
Dr Pierre Duguay
Dr Vincent Gracco
School of Communication Sciences
and Disorders
Faculty of Medicine
McGill University
Dr Pierre Guy
Orthopedic Trauma Service
McGill University Health Centre
Dr Michael Hawke
Department of Otolaryngology
Faculty of Medicine
University of Toronto
DrPatrice Hugo
Dr fM-ruAnntSfeei l
Procrea BioSciences Inc.
Dr Roman Jednak
Division of Urology
The Montreal Children’s Hospital
Dr Michael S. Kramer
Departments of Pediatrics and of
Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Faculty of Medicine
McGill University
Dr Pierre Lachapelle
Department of Ophthalmology
McGill University
DrDenis Laflamme
Dr aC oD airaMrmo
MD Multimedia Inc.
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Faculté de médecine dentaire
Université de Montréal
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Faculty of Medicine
McGill University
Dr Nelson Nadeau
Dr Louis Z. G. Touyz
Faculty of Dentistry
McGill University
Dr Teresa Trippenbach
Department of Physiology
McGill University
Dr Martine Turcotte
Dr Michael Wiseman
Faculty of Dentistry
McGill University

human
The
body

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4

6 | The body’s
building blocks

8
10
12
14

The human cell

Chromosomes and DNA

Cellular activity

Body tissues

41
40

38
36
34
32
30
28
27
26
24
22
20
18

The movements of the hand
The action of the skeletal
muscles
The muscles of the head
Muscle tissue
The skeletal muscles
The joints
The hand and the foot
The spine
The head
Types of bones
The human skeleton
Bone growth
Bone structure
The skin

16 | The architecture
of the body

Ta b l e

42 | The nervous system
44 Neurons
46The central nervous system
48The brain
50The cerebrum
52The peripheral
nervous system
54The motor functions
of the nervous system

72
70
68
67
66
64
62
60
58

o f

Smell
Taste receptors
Taste
Balance
Perception of sound
The organ of hearing
Sight
The eye
Touch

56 | The five senses

c

o

74 | Blood circulation
76 Blood
78The cardiovascular system
80Arteries and veins
82 The heart
84The cardiac cycle
86The lymphatic system
88 Immunity
90The endocrine system
92The hypothalamus and
the pituitary gland
94The urinary system

n

t

110The liver, pancreas,
and gallbladder
109 The intestines
108The stomach
106 The teeth
104The digestive system
102 Speech
100 Respiration
98The respiratory system

96 |Respiration and
nutrition

e

n

112 | Reproduction

114
116
118
120
122

t

The male genital organs
The female genital organs
Fertilization
The life of the embryo
Maternity

s

124 | Glossary
126 | Index

5

What is the human body made of? Although our bodies are very complex, they are composed of fundamental units
microscopic basic components
that are very similar to each other. These
assembled to form the different tissues that form all the body’s organs. Cells are also the sites of intense and
constant activity: they manufacture living matter, and continually reproduce
consume energy,

themselves.

are

The body’s building blocks

8

10

12

14

The human cell
The body’s basic component

Chromosomes and DNA
The code of life deep within cells

Cellular activity
Cell division and protein synthesis

Body tissues
Groupings of cells

T h e h u m a n c e l l
The body’s basic component

The human body contains about 60 billion human cells. These cells, the basic
components of the human body, are invisible to the naked eye, as their diameter
generally is less than a few hundredths of a millimeter. Although they take many
forms, depending on their location and their function, they always have a
welldefined structure: an exterior membrane, a nucleus, and a number of internal
elements floating in a gelatinous medium, the cytoplasm.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS
The body’s building blocks
The human body contains a great many types of cells, which are differentiated
according to their function. Despite their different sizes and shapes, all have the
same general structure.

8

The rods eht fo cnatireintaon
light-sensitive pigments.

The nucleus of the
has several lobes.

neutrophil

Erythrocytes)ls(red blood cel
color the blood red.

The ovumt cergese las thinlli
the human body.

Spermatozoidsgnolvah a e
flagellum.

Neurons(nesl )ac nerbuul acp le
to 1 meter in length.

The irregular shape of osteocytes
(bone cells) enables them to lodge in
very narrow cavities of bony tissue.

Cytoplasm w,il fchhils the
intracellular space, is a
jellylike substance composed of
water, proteins, lipids, ions,
and glucose.

Lysosomesmyszene niatnoc
that perform intracellular
digestion.

Microtubuleseh, which form t
skeleton of the cell, make it
easier for organelles to move
within the cytoplasm.

Made mainly of lipid molecules,
the cell membrane amsorf
selective water-insoluble barrier.

Enveloped in a double
membrane, mitochondria
produce and store energy.

Enzymes enclosed in
peroxisomesperform
oxidization.

Cilialestubugra p ou mofroicof ,demr fo
covered by the cellular membrane, can propel
the cell or move a substance outside the cell.
Large cilia are called flagella.

THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CELLS

Human cells (like those of all higher orders of life) are called eukaryotes – that is, their genetic material is
enclosed in a nucleus defined by a nuclear membrane. The rest of the cell is composed of cytoplasm, a
semiliquid medium structured by a network of microtubules and microfilaments. The organellesthat float in the
cytoplasm (mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome) perform different cellular
functions, such as storing energy, synthesis and transportation of proteins, and digestion of foreign bodies.

Chromatinnenopmoceht fo tusleuc n,, the main
is a filament formed of DNA and proteins.

The nuclear membranehas
a large number of pores.

free ribosome

Each cell has two centriolesof ,edrm
of bundles of microtubules placed at
aright angle to each other. They play
a le lnic lo er.siondivi

Ribosomes are made in the
in the center of the nucleus.

nucleolus,

The endoplasmic reticulumacol detraen(E, R)
the nucleus, consists of a network of membranous
pockets and canals. The rough ER is covered with
ribosomes that synthesize proteins, while the
smooth ER does not have ribosomes and produces
other types of substances.

The Golgi apparatussieer s aesblemser
of membranous sacs attached to the
roug