An Introduction to Applied Linguistics

Muhammad Ali Alkhuli

Description

This book provides a complete, authoritative, and up-to-date overview of applied linguistics divided into three sections covering: language description and language use; core areas of investigation; Language skills and assessment, an introductory chapter that introduces readers to key issues and recurring themes, and 17 chapters that provide extensive surveys of the central elements of applied linguistics

Sujets

• Disciplines
• Language Arts
• Linguistics
• Language

Informations

• Publié par: Dar Al-Falah for Publishing and Distribution
• Date de parution: 01 janvier 2016
• Nombre de lectures: 26
• EAN13: 9796500335186
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

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Dr. Muhammad Ali Alkhuli

An Introduction to Applied LinguisticsDar Alfalah, JordanDr. Muhammad Ali Alkhuli Copyright: by the Publisher All rights are reserved.

No part of this book may be translated, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

New Edition

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An Introduction to Applied LinguisticsDar Alfalah, JordanDr. Muhammad Ali Alkhuli

CONTENTS

Contents……………………………………………..

Preface…………………………………………….....

Chapter 1: Language Teaching……………….…… Language ………………………………….. Linguistics ………………………………… Why English? ……………………………... FLT Approaches ………………………….. The Grammar-Translation Approach …….. The Direct Approach ……………………... The Aural-Oral Approach ……………........ The Eclectic Approach ………………........ Factors Influencing Methods ……………... Program Types ……………………………. Effective Teaching ………………………... Questions and Exercises ………………….. Chapter 2: Language Testing……………………… Purposes of Testing ……………………….. Test Types ………………………………… What to Test ………………………………. Pronunciation Tests ………………………. Grammar Tests ……………………………. Vocabulary Tests …………………………. Spelling Tests ……………………………... Handwriting Tests …………………………

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10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 24 26 29 30 31 34 36 38 39 41 42 43

An Introduction to Applied LinguisticsDar Alfalah, JordanDr. Muhammad Ali Alkhuli Comprehension Tests ……………………... 44 Composition Tests ………………………... 46 Précis Tests ……………………………….. 47 Translation Tests ………………………….. 48 Punctuation Tests …………………………. 49 Speech Tests ……………………………… 49 Making Tests ……………………………... 50 Giving Tests ………………………………. 52 A Good Test ………………………………. 54 Validity …………………………………… 55 Reliability ………………………………… 57 Questions and Exercises ………………….. 59 Chapter 3: Acquisition of the First Language…… 61 Influential Factors ………………………… 62 Role of the Hearing Sense ………………... 63 Role of the Sight Sense …………………… 64 Language Brain Centers ………………….. 64 Circle of Language Contact ………………. 66 Stages of Language Development ………... 67 Trends of Language Acquisition …………. 68 Theories of Language Acquisition ………... 70 Second-Language Acquisition ……………. 71 Differences between L1A and FLA ………. 74 Linguistic Interference ……………………. 75 Bilingual Brain ……………………………. 76 Aphasia of Bilinguals …………………….. 77 Language Lateralization ………………….. 78 Questions and Exercises ………………….. 80 Chapter 4: Learning the Second Language……….  82 Natural Environment ……………………... 82 Artificial Environment ……………………. 83

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An Introduction to Applied LinguisticsDr. Muhammad Ali Alkhuli Dar Alfalah, Jordan Learner’s Role ……………………………. 83 Concrete Examples ………………………. 84 84 Language Models ………………………… Stimulus Intensity ………………………… 85 85 Feedback ………………………………….. Repetition …………………………………. 87 88 Readiness …………………………………. 88 Motivation ………………………………… 90 Relaxation ………………………………… 90 Anxiety …………………………………… 90 Self-confidence …………………………… Sympathy …………………………………. 90 91 Mentality ………………………………….. Age ……………………………………….. 91 L1 Influence ………………………………. 92 Attitudes …………………………………. 92 L1 and L2 Acquisition ……………………. 93 95Questions and Exercises ………………….. Chapter 5: Language Interference…………………  97 Nature of Interference …………………….. 97 Direction of Interference ………………..… 98 Interference and Language Switching ……. 98 Interference and Transfer of Learning ……. 99 Internal Interference ………………………. 100 Dialectal Interference ……………………... 100 Interference and Borrowing ………………. 100 Interference and Contrastive Analysis ……. 101 Interference and Error Analysis …………... 102 Interference and Bilingualism Type ……… 102 Phonemic Interference ……………………. 103 Factors of Interference ……………………. 104 Questions and Exercises ………………….. 106

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An Introduction to Applied LinguisticsDar Alfalah, JordanDr. Muhammad Ali Alkhuli

Chapter 6: Bilingualism……………………………. 108 Bilingualism and the Relation between the 2L’s …………………………………… 109 Bilingualism and Degree of Mastery ……... 109 Bilingualism and Learning ……………….. 110 Bilingualism and Distribution of Usage ….. 110 Bilingualism and the Location ……………. 111 Bilingualism and Language Skills ………... 112 Bilingualism and Achievement …………… 112 Bilingualism and Balance ………………… 113 Bilingualism and Culture …………………. 113 Bilingualism and Timing …………………. 114 Bilingualism and Choice ………………….. 115 Societal Bilingualism ……………………... 115 Bilingualism and Other Languages ………. 116 Questions and Exercises ………………….. 116 Chapter 7: Language Selection and Code Switching..... 117 Language Selection ……………………….. 117 The Process of Language Selection ………. 118 Factors of Language Selection ……………. 119 Code Switching …………………………… 122 Reasons for Code Switching ……………… 122 Types of Code Switching …………………. 124 Code-Switching System …………………... 125 Questions and Exercises ………………….. 125 Chapter 8: Language and Community……………. 127 Geographical Dialects …………………….. 128 Social Dialects ……………………………. 129 Individual Dialects ……………………….. 129 Racial Dialects ……………………………. 130 Professional Dialects …………………....... 131

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An Introduction to Applied LinguisticsDr. Muhammad Ali Alkhuli Dar Alfalah, Jordan Age Dialects ………………………………. 131 Sex Dialect ………………………………... 131 Temporal Dialects ………………………… 132 Rural and Urban Dialects …………………. 132 Colloquial and Standard Dialects ………… 132 Inter-dialectal Differences ………………... 133 Language Taboos …………………………. 134 Language Types …………………………... 134 Converser’s Roles ………………………… 137 Language Interference ……………………. 138 Bilingualism and Community ……………. 138 Questions and Exercises ………………….. 139 Chapter 9: Lexicography: Dictionary Making …..... 142 Dictionaries and Language Number ……… 142 Dictionaries and Language Levels ………... 143 Dictionaries and Roles ……………………. 144 Dictionaries and Explanation ……………... 144 Dictionaries and Entries …………………... 146 Dictionaries and Users ……………………. 147 Questions and Exercises ………………….. 148 Chapter 10 : Translation……………………………  150 Questions and Exercises ………………….. 156 Abbreviations……………………………………….  158

Selected Bibliography………………………………

Subject Index………………………………………..

The Author’s Books…………………………………

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An Introduction to Applied LinguisticsDr. Muhammad Ali Alkhuli Dar Alfalah, Jordan PREFACE Linguistics,i.e., the science of language, can be divided into two main branches: theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics. Theoretical linguistics takes care of phonetics, phonology, phonemics, grammar,i.e., morphology and syntax, semantics, and the history of language. On the other hand, applied linguistics takes care of language teaching, language testing, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, lexicography, and translation. It can be easily noticed that each field within applied linguistics is often a combination of linguistics and another branch of knowledge. Language teaching is linguistics combined with education; sociolinguistics is linguistics combined with sociology; psycholinguistics is a combination of linguistics and psychology. Translation is a combination of the two systems of two languages. In this book on applied linguistics, there are two chapters, 1 and 2, on language teaching and testing. There are three chapters, 3, 4, and 5, on psycholinguistics: acquiring the first language, learning the second language, and linguistic interference. There are also three chapters, 6, 7, and 8, on sociolinguistics: bilingualism, language selection and code switching, and language and community. Finally, there are Chapter 9 on lexicography and Chapter 10 on translation.

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An Introduction to Applied LinguisticsDar Alfalah, JordanDr. Muhammad Ali Alkhuli I hope that this book will be helpful to students and researchers interested in applied linguistics. Author Dr. Muhammad Ali Abdul Kareem Alkhuli P. O. Box 818, Swaileh 11910, Jordan

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