The Muslim Question and Russian Imperial Governance

Elena I. Campbell

Description

From the time of the Crimean War through the fall of the Tsar, the question of what to do about the Russian empire's large Muslim population was a highly contested issue among educated Russians both inside and outside the government. As formulated in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Muslim Question comprised a complex set of ideas and concerns that centered on the problems of reimagining and governing the tremendously diverse Russian empire in the face of the challenges presented by the modernizing world. Basing her analysis on extensive research in archival and primary sources, Elena I. Campbell reconstructs the issues, debates, and personalities that shaped the development of Russian policies toward the empire's Muslims and the impact of the Muslim Question on the modernizing path that Russia would follow.

Introduction: Understanding the "Muslim Question" and Its Changing Contexts

Part I. The Emergence of the Muslim Question
1. The Crimean War and Its Aftermath: The Question of Muslim Loyalty and Alienation
2. The Challenges of Apostasy to Islam
3. "What do we need from Muslims?" Combating Ignorance, Alienation, and Tatarization
4. "In Asia we come as Masters:" The Challenge of the Civilizing Mission in Turkestan
5. Dilemmas of Regulation and Rapprochement: The Problem of Muslim Religious Institutions

Part II. The Muslim Question during the Era of Mass Politics
6. Challenges of Revolution and Reform
7. The Muslim Question in the Aftermath of the Revolution
8. "Solving" the Muslim Question
9. World War I

Conclusion: Could the Muslim Question Have Been Solved?

Notes
Bibliography
Index

Sujets

• Former Soviet Union
• HISTORY
• Histoire
• URSS
• General officer
• Russia
• Muslim
• History of Asia
• Central Asia
• General
• Asia
• Russie

Informations

• Publié par: Indiana University Press
• Date de parution: 26 janvier 2015
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780253014542
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

The Muslim Question and Russian Imperial Governance
INDIANA-MICHIGAN SERIES IN RUSSIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES Alexander Rabinowitch and William G. Rosenberg, general editors
ELENA I. CAMPBELL
The Muslim Question and Russian Imperial Governance
INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS Bloomington and Indianapolis
This book is a publication of
Indiana University Press Office of Scholarly Publishing Herman B Wells Library 350 1320 East 10th Street Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
iupress.indiana.edu
Telephone [phone] Fax [phone]
2015 by Elena I. Campbell All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.
Manufactured in the United States of America
Cataloging information is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-253-01446-7 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-253-01454-2 (ebook)
1 2 3 4 5 19 18 17 16 15
For my family
Contents
Acknowledgments
Note on Transliteration
Abbreviations
Introduction: Understanding the Muslim Question and Its Changing Contexts
Part 1. The Emergence of the Muslim Question
1. The Crimean War and Its Aftermath: The Question of Muslim Loyalty and Alienation
2. The Challenges of Apostasy to Islam
3. What Do We Need from Muslims? Combating Ignorance, Alienation, and Tatarization
4. In Asia We Come as Masters : The Challenge of the Civilizing Mission in Turkestan
5. Dilemmas of Regulation and Rapprochement: The Problem of Muslim Religious Institutions
Part 2. The Muslim Question during the Era of Mass Politics
6. Challenges of Revolution and Reform
7. The Muslim Question in the Aftermath of the Revolution
8. Solving the Muslim Question
9. World War I
Conclusion: Could the Muslim Question Have Been Solved?
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Acknowledgments
My research for this book began in the early 1990s at St. Petersburg State University, where I grew interested in the history of the Orthodox church and religion in tsarist Russia. Participation in a special seminar taught by Boris Nikolaevich Mironov helped me connect these interests to the problems of empire, but it was my work in the seminar of Boris Vasil evich Anan ich that led me to discover the Muslim Question in Russian historical documents and inspired me to uncover the various meanings of this problem. As my nauchnyi rukovoditel , Boris Vasil evich gave me intellectual freedom while also teaching me the craft of history, instilling in me a passion for archival research, and encouraging me throughout the many years of my work on this project. I have also benefited greatly from the advice and insights of colleagues at the St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 2000, the St. Petersburg Institute of History; RAN) and the history department of the European University at St. Petersburg. My special gratitude goes to Viktor Moiseevich Paneiakh and Mikhail Markovich Krom who broadened my training, as well as Boris Ivanovich Kolonitskii, Rafail Shalomovich Ganelin, and Vladimir Vikent evich Lapin for sharing their rich knowledge and understanding of imperial Russian history. Participating in the research seminar at the European University was invaluable in working on my project.
I have benefited greatly from discussing my work at a series of international seminars that explored the regional dimension of imperial rule in Russia. I have appreciated the vibrant intellectual atmosphere created by the organizers Jane Burbank, Mark von Hagen, Peter Savel ev and Anatoly Remnev, and by the participants Nailya Tagirova, Ekaterina Pravilova, Irina Novikova, Francine Hirsh, Leonid Gorizontov, Shane O Rourke, Nikolai Ssorin-Chaikov, Rustem Tsiunchuk, Paul Werth, Willard Sunderland, Charles Steinwedel, Aleksei Volvenko, and Sviatoslav Kaspe. I am especially thankful to Willard Sunderland for his excellent comments at the early stages of my book s development. Jane Burbank invited me to the seminar Empires, States, and Political Imagination at the University of Michigan, and introduced me to interdisciplinary and comparative thinking about empires in world history, broadening my intellectual horizons. I am grateful to the Davis Center at Harvard University, where I was able to commence work on my book project. Terry Martin invited me to the historians workshop. John LeDonne shared with me his encyclopedic knowledge of Russian history, his passion for research, as well as showed his personal kindness. Wladimir Berelowitch invited me to the cole des hautes tudes en sciences sociales, where I found an excellent audience for early versions of my work. I gratefully acknowledge support from my colleagues at the history department of the University of Washington. Glennys Young offered insightful suggestions and inestimable support. The participants of the assistant professors writing group-Purnima Dhavan, Adam Warren, David Spafford, Shaun Lopez, Florian Schwartz, Charity Urbanskii, and Noam Pianko-provided comradeship and valuable comments on parts of my book. I acknowledge the useful suggestions of the anonymous reviewers of my manuscript and the valuable editorial help from Sigrid Asmus, Audra Wolfe, Janet Rabinowitch, and Joyce Rappaport. I am especially thankful to William Rosenberg of the University of Michigan, who brought the American and Russian academic worlds closer to each other. His guidance, generous help, and encouragement have sustained me through the long process of writing this book.
The research for this book has been accomplished with the assistance of archive personnel in Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Germany, and France. I especially want to express my gratitude to Galina Georgievna Lisitsyna and Irina Gurkina from the European University, for their help in obtaining access to the Russian archives. I am thankful to Anastasiia Romanova for her friendship and for sharing her knowledge of the collections of libraries in St. Petersburg. The support of Farit Mubarakshevich Mukhametshin, the former ambassador of the Russian Federation in Uzbekistan, helped me gain access to the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan. I am very grateful for the kindness and help of the personnel of the State Archive in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the Political Archives of the Federal Foreign Office in Berlin. Special thanks to Wladimir Berelowitch, Juliette Cadiot, Alain Blum, and Dmitrii Gouzevitch from the Centre d tudes des Mondes Russe, Caucasien et Centre-Europ en who directed me to and enabled me to see the A. Topchibashev s collection. Oksana Igorevna Morozan, director of the Central State Archive of Documentary Films, Photographs, and Sound Recordings of St. Petersburg; Rustem Arkad evich Tsiunchuk, professor at the Kazan Federal University; El mira Iskhakovna Amirkhanova, head of the Manuscript and Rare Books Division of the N. I. Lobachevskii Library at the Kazan Federal University; and Aleksander Papushin, director of the Web-based Great Russian Album were very helpful in providing photographs and permissions for publication.
The research for this book was partially funded by the Moscow Social Science Fund, the Kone Foundation in Finland, and the Soros Foundation. A Royalty Research Fund Award and a Junior Faculty Award at the University of Washington contributed to additional archival research and writing of the book. An unexpected yet appreciated gift came from employees at the Citizens Bank in Charlevoix, Michigan, who kindly offered me one of their empty offices when I needed space away from my busy household to work on my book during a summer in northern Michigan.
Parts of chapter 5 were published as The Autocracy and the Muslim Clergy in the Russian Empire (1850s-1917), in Russian Studies in History 44, no. 2 (Fall 2005): 8-30. I thank the publishers for permission to reprint the material.
Finally, throughout many years my family has provided a tremendous support to me and my book project. I give special gratitude to Scott Campbell, my husband, for his understanding and inexhaustible optimism as well as the maps that he has made for this book. Our children, Masha and Kolya, have brought new dynamics and meaning into our lives. Their curiosity about and cheerful support of mama s book as well as their boundless love gave me strength to complete my work. This, however, would never have been achieved without the help and encouragement of my parents, Zinaida Pavlovna and Ivan Ivanovich Vorob evy and my in-laws, Kay and Larry Campbell.
Note on Transliteration
For personal names, place names, and terms, both Russian and non-Russian, mentioned in Russian sources, I have maintained Russian-language transliteration patterns according to the Library of Congress system, with some modifications. I have omitted the final Russian soft sign in oft-used words and names, as, for example, Kazan , Den , Sevastopol and oblast. I have used j instead of zh or dzh in non-Russian words, such as Andijan and Azerbaijan. I have also used a more common y instead of iu and ii in personal names such as like Yusuf and Dostoevsky.
I have retained the dates as they were found in Russian documents, according to the Julian calendar, which was twelve days behind the Gregorian calendar in the nineteenth century and