The Functional Microfinance Bank

Henry Oster Onyemah

Description

'The Functional Microfinance Bank' discusses all aspect needed to operate a microfinance institution for optimal performance. With nine chapters highlighting the microfinance bank, the client, the target market, the staff, the loan, the lending methodology, the organizational structure, the management polies and the recovery strategies, this book was borne out of the burning desire to impact passionate microfinancing in the hearts of stakeholders.

This book adopts a practical approach for learning with the use of indepth analytic tools, highlighted definitions, articulated case scenario and well selected main and sub headlines.

Microfinance institutions need set of tools, people and processes to function effectively. The  book also offers extensive practical approach to staff attitude towards planning and execution.

The author's intention is to acquaint readers with events that currently takes place, and the corresponding actions to be taken in order to sensitize the microfinance industry for productivity. Another important mission is to equip readers with adequate knowledge relevant to the industry prompting professional in every practitioners chosen career.

Sujets

• Microfinance
• Institution
• Survival
• Strategy
• Functional
• Bank
• Stakeholder

Informations

• Publié par: Publiseer
• Date de parution: 16 juillet 2018
• Nombre de lectures: 3
• EAN13: 9788828357667
• Langue: English

Extrait

THE FUNCTIONAL
MICROFINANCE BANK
Strategies for Survival
by
Henry Oster Onyemah
Copyright 2017 by Henry Oster Onyemah.
For more information about the author, write to the author from: [e-mail].
All rights reserved. Except for use in any review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in whole or in part, in any form by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including xerography, photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of the author or the publisher.
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
PREFACE
ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER ONE: THE MICROFINANCE BANK
CHAPTER TWO: THE CLIENT
CHAPTER THREE: THE TARGET MARKET
CHAPTER FOUR: THE MFB STAFF
CHAPTER FIVE: THE LOAN
CHAPTER SIX: THE LENDING METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE MANAGEMENT POLICIES
CHAPTER NINE: THE RECOVERY STRATEGY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MICROFINANCE QUOTES BY HENRY OSTER ONYEMAH
DEDICATION

T his book is dedicated to all who have contributed to the growth of microfinance all over the world. To my lovely wife, Mrs. Onyemah Laura Ijeoma, and my two lovely daugthers; Onyemah Nicole Kamsiyochuckwu and Onyemah Jeanell Chikaima. My other family members and most importantly to the Almighty God in Heaven
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I owe my profound gratitude to the Holy Spirit who has blessed me with the inspiration to write this book even when i felt discourage to go on with the project. I thank God for bestowing on me extra knowledge, wisdom and understanding.
I am highly indebted to my wife, Mrs Onyemah Ijeoma Laura for her support and motherly role and care.
My family Evangelist Precious Daniel, Onyemah Stella Nkem, Onyemah Augustine and the rest of the family whose names are too numerous to mention. I appreciate you all.
I am also grateful to the works of other Authors and Publishers of various articles, journals and textbook in whose work I read and referenced to make this work a success.
To my reviewers; Mr Adewunmi Oni (Head Micro Enterprise, Lagos State Employment Trust Fund), Mr Olayinka Odutola (DG Association of Enterprise Risk Management Professionals and Mr Samuel Akinsulere (MD Factbase Consulting), I owe you so much and I say a big thank you for your time and effort.
Onyemah Henry Oster
2018
PREFACE

M icro-loans advanced to new and existing clients no matter how good, may likely to go bad due to their unsecure nature. The question in the mind of many microfinance practitioners and experts is, what must be done to prevent such loan becoming delinquent or lost to the microfinance institution? The best of all loan can go bad for unpredicted reasons, consequently, microfinance institutions (MFIs) should take precautionary step to make sure loans given out to clients are done in the appropriate manner. Making provision for frequent delinquent and bad loans at the end of every accounting year for the microfinance bank (MFB) should not be an effective way of addressing the deteriorating situation of delinquent loans. A functional structure should be put in place even before the facility is disbursed to prospective clients.
Why should loans given out to help the economically active poor, later turn to be a sorry story for the microfinance institution? One can sit in his corner and adjudge all kinds of attribute to the selfish attitude of borrowers of these money(ies). The truth remains that defaulting customers alone cannot be held accountable for the frequent delinquencies and actual loss incurred by the microfinance institution. Top management and staff attitude, rigid and compromising procedures are part of what drains the microfinance to a halt. Customers don t just start defaulting. A careful analysis shows that they have a history of the situation in which the microfinance bank is playing it wrong. It only takes them a while to master how to out-wit such MFB which sets in frustration and eventual closure of such institutions. Microfinance institutions play a critical role in incorporating the poor into the financial networks at the global peripheries. This is what it is created for and by so doing, lives are touched, and the economy advances to a level that is self sustainable. For this reason, operators of microfinance institution and similar institutions have been urged to devise effective strategies of managing their respective institutions with clear cut processes of recovering loans from borrowers. This piece of information is important because loan default by customers is one of the major challenges facing the sub-sector. Every microfinance should research on the best way to recover its loans from its customer, if it is done with conformity to the law of the land without the MFI taking laws into their own hand.
This book is a guide to the already laid down management process implemented in our various microfinance institutions as it gives an insight to the possible ways of recovering already troubled loans.
ABBREVIATIONS

A TM Automated Teller Machine
BC Bar Code
BM Branch Manager
BS Balance Sheet
CAMEL Capital, Asset, Management Capability, Earnings, Liquidity and Sensitivity
CAMPARI Character, Ability, Margin, Purpose, Amount, Repayment, Insurance
CBN Central Bank of Nigeria
CF Cash Flow
CIBN Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria
CU Credit Union
DFS Digital Microfinance Services
FI Financial Institution
GLM Group Lending Methodology
ILM Individual Lending Methodology
KYCB Know Your Customer Business
KYC Know Your Customer
LAR Loan-at-Risk
MCP Microfinance Certification Programme
MD Managing Director
MFB Microfinance Banks
MFI Microfinance Institution
MNO Mobile Network Operators
MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise
NBFI Non-Bank Financial Institutions
NCE Nigerian Certificate in Education
ND National Diploma
NDIC Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation
NGO s Non-Governmental Organizations
OL Outstanding Loan
OPB Outstanding Principal Balance
PAR Portfolio-at-Risk
PEST Political, Economical, Social and Technological
PI Par Indicator
PL Profit or Loss
POS Point of Sale
Q Question
RM Risk Management
RPP Recovery Pressure Pump
SMS Short Message System
SWOT Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats
UPS Unique Selling Point
WAC Weighted Asset Classification
CHAPTER ONE: THE MICROFINANCE BANK

I ntroduction
To fully understand how the microfinance institution (MFI) works, it is important to fully understand the history of microfinance and what it was meant to achieve. What MFBs practice nowadays is no different than rubbing shoulders with commercial banks. Loans granted are no longer getting to the active poor whereas, the main aim is to provide these set of people with small loans, so they can operate their businesses profitably. The trending situation we now have is where loans of large value are granted to some set of people who range from; those that are over-indebted to commercial banks, those whose credit history has been dented and those who seek for loan using limited resources at their disposal to get loans they won t ordinarily have access to from commercial banks. Microfinance should alleviate poverty but presently has been hijacked as most MFBs seeks to focus more on profit motives rather than social motive thereby relinquishing the double bottom line initially conceived for microfinance operations. They no longer worry about ethics where character becomes a criterion for granting loan, rather they are concerned with meeting disbursement target if client s repayment capacity is met.
It is not just enough for anyone to work in a microfinance institution. It must come with passion which comes with the knowledge of what transpired in the olden days and how they helped and solved each other s problem.
Definition: Microfinance Bank
A microfinance bank is an organization that offers different financial services to low income clients with some offering services such as saving, insurance, leasing, loan granting and other financial services that help alleviate the condition of their clients.
Case scenario 1: Making Financial Decision
Two friends were together discussing how to solve their prospective problems. Friend A has a good business concept but has no funds to execute his business plan while, friend B has enough funds at his disposal but, presently has no plan to establish any business hence operates from a surplus unit who intend to keep his money for unforeseen circumstances rising from the fact that he has a good paying job which he does not intend to leave any time soon. Friend B wants to help his friend but is scared he might not recover his money back. This he learnt from experience when he loaned gave money to some of his other friends and family member which he never got back. His biggest challenge presently is, how does he grant his friend loan without having issues soon and what terms would be included in the agreement if he decides to go ahead to lend his friend the money.
On the other hand, friend A is having challenges as to how to manage a new business on loan. He had previously heard people say it is not wise to start your business on loan, it does not help the business grow quick where and how is he going to get the funds needed to start up his business, he asked himself?
Q. Is financial intermediary an important factor in micro finan