Tobacco Control and Tobacco Farming

Wardie Leppan, Natacha Lecours And Daniel Buckles

Description

An exposé on how the tobacco industry uses myths around tobacco farming to dissuade countries from implementing policies aimed at curbing tobacco consumption.

The bulk of the world’s tobacco is produced in low- and middle-income countries. In order to dissuade these countries from implementing policies aimed at curbing tobacco consumption (such as increased taxes, health warnings, advertising bans and smoke-free environments), the tobacco industry claims that tobacco farmers will be negatively affected and that no viable, sustainable alternatives exist. This book, based on original research from three continents, exposes the myths behind these claims.

Foreword by Ahmed Ogwell; Preface: Wardie Leppan and Natacha Lecours; Introduction: Separating Myth from Reality by Wardie Leppan, Natacha Lecours and Daniel Buckles; Section 1: The Determinants of Tobacco Leaf Demand; Chapter 1: Determinants and Likely Evolution of Global Tobacco Leaf Demandby Jad Chaaban; Chapter 2: Tobacco Leaf Farming in Lebanon: Why Marginalized Farmers Need a Better Option by Kanj Hamade; Chapter 3: ‘Gentlemen, Why Not Suppress the Prices?’: Global Leaf Companies Suppress Rural Livelihoods in Malawi by Marty Otañez and Laura Graen; Section 2: Farming Conditions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries; Chapter 4: The Harsh Realities of Tobacco Farming in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A review of the Socioeconomic, Health and Environmental Impacts by Natacha Lecours; Section 3: Economically Sustainable Alternatives to Tobacco; Chapter 5: Breaking the Dependency on Tobacco Production: Transition Strategies for Bangladesh by Farida Akhter, Daniel Buckles and Rafiqul Haque Tito; Chapter 6: Substituting Bamboo for Tobacco in South Nyanza Region, Kenya by Jacob K. Kibwage, Godfrey W. Netondo and Peter O. Magati; Chapter 7: Diversification Strategies for Tobacco Farmers: Lessons from Brazil by Guilherme Eidt Gonçalves de Almeida; Section 4: Conclusions: Reframing the Debate on Tobacco Control and Tobacco Farming by Daniel Buckles, Natacha Lecours and Wardie Leppan

Sujets

• Health policy
• Sustainable agriculture
• Health care system
• Manufacturing
• Agriculture
• Médecine

Informations

• Publié par: Anthem Press
• Date de parution: 15 septembre 2014
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781783082940
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

Tobacco Control and Tobacco Farming

Tobacco Control and Tobacco Farming

Separating Myth from Reality

Edited by Wardie Leppan, Natacha Lecours and Daniel Buckles

International Development Research Centre Ottawa • Caîro • Montevîdeo • Naîrobî • New Dehî

Anthem Press An imprint of Wimbledon Publishing Company www.anthempress.com

This edition first published in UK and USA 2014 by ANTHEM PRESS 75–76 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8HA, UK or PO Box 9779, London SW19 7ZG, UK and 244 Madîson ฀ve #116, New York, NY 10016, US฀

A copublication with Internatîona Deveopment Research Centre PO Box 8500 Ottawa, ON K1G 3H9 Canada www.idrc.ca / [e-mail] ISBN 9781552505823 (IDRC ebook)

Copyrîght © Internatîona Deveopment Research Centre 2014

The moral right of the authors has been asserted.

฀ rîghts reserved. Wîthout îmîtîng the rîghts under copyrîght reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrîeva system, or transmîtted, în any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

British Library CataloguinginPublication Data ฀ cataogue record for thîs book îs avaîabe from the Brîtîsh Lîbrary.

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Tobacco control and tobacco farming : separating myth from reality / edited by Wardie Leppan, Natacha Lecours, and Daniel Buckles. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 9781783082933 – ISBN 1783082933 1. Tobacco–Government poîcy–Case studîes. 2. Crop dîversîicatîon–Case studîes. 3. ฀grîcutura dîversîicatîon–Case studîes. I. Leppan, Wardîe, edîtor. II. Lecours, Natacha, editor. III. Buckles, Daniel, 1955– , editor. [DNLM: 1. Tobacco Industry–economics. 2. Tobacco. 3. Agriculture–economics. 4. Internatîonaîty. 5. Pubîc Poîcy. 6. Tobacco Use–preventîon & contro. HD 9130.6] HD9130.6.T63 2014 338.1’7371–dc23 2014029204

Cover îmage courtesy of Sandy Campbe, IDRC.

ISBN13: 978 1 78308 293 3 (Hbk) ISBN10: 1 78308 293 3 (Hbk)

Thîs tîte îs aso avaîabe as an ebook.

C

O

N

List of Figures, Tables and Photographs Foreword Preface

TEN

TS

Introduction: Separating Myth from Reality Wardie Leppan, Natacha Lecours and Daniel Buckles

Section One Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Section Two

Chapter 4

vîî xiii xv

1

The Determinants of Tobacco Leaf Demand 11 Determînants and Lîkey Evoutîon of Global Tobacco Leaf Demand 13 Jad Chaaban Tobacco Leaf Farming in Lebanon: Why Marginalized Farmers Need a Better Option 29 Kanj Hamade

“Gentlemen, Why Not Suppress the Prices?”: Global Leaf Demand and Rural Lîveîhoods în Maawî Marty Otañez and Laura Graen

TobaccoFarming Conditions in Low and MiddleIncome Countries

The Harsh Realities of Tobacco Farming: ฀ Revîew of Socîoeconomîc, Heath and Envîronmenta Impacts Natacha Lecours

61

97

99

vî

TOBACCO CONTROL AND TOBACCO FARMING

Section Three

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Economically Sustainable Alternatives to Tobacco

Breaking the Dependency on Tobacco Production: Transition Strategies for Bangladesh Farida Akhter, Daniel Buckles and Rafiqul Haque Tito

Substituting Bamboo for Tobacco in South Nyanza Region, Kenya Jacob K. Kibwage, Godfrey W. Netondo and Peter O. Magati

Dîversîicatîon Strategîes for Tobacco Farmers: Lessons from Brazil Guilherme Eidt Gonçalves de Almeida

Conclusion: Reframing the Debate on Tobacco Control and Tobacco Farming Daniel Buckles, Natacha Lecours and Wardie Leppan

Annex: A Policy Brief on Tobacco Control and Tobacco Farming Contributors

139

141

189

211

247

271 277

LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND PHOTOGRAPHS

Figures Fîgure 1.1

Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3 Figure 1.4 Figure 1.5 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3

Fîgure 2.4

Fîgure 2.5 Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2 Fîgure 3.3

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Estîmated evoutîon of goba cîgarette consumptîon (in billions of sticks), to 2020 Global tobacco consumption, 2009 Tobaccoproducing countries, 2011 Tobaccoexporting countries, 2011 Marketing chain for tobacco leaf products Map of Lebanon showing tobacco leaf production areas The tobacco sector’s supply chain in Lebanon Total tobacco leaf production by year and region in Lebanon, 2000–2011 ฀verage quantîty of tobacco sod per îcense hoder, by region, 2000–2011 Tobacco farmîng and poverty în ฀ytaroun, 2010 Exports of all tobacco types and other cash crops in Malawi, 1990–2010 Tobacco marketing chain in Malawi ฀uctîon saes voume and unît vaues of Burey and other tobacco types in Malawi, 1960–2010 Tobacco leaf production in hectares (ha), metric tons (MT), and hectograms (hg) per hectare, 1961–2011, Bangladesh Hectares of FlueCured Virginia (FCV) tobacco in Rangpur, Kushtia, and Bandarban, 1995–2011 The crop calendar for tobacco and major food crops of Bangladesh The interaction of reasons why farmers continue to grow tobacco, showing cause–effect relationships

14 15 17 19 20 31 35

37

38 54

65 70

82

145

146

153

158

vîîî

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 6.1 Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3 Figure 6.4 Fîgure 7.1

Fîgure 7.2

Fîgure 7.3

Fîgure 7.4

Tables Tabe 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3 Table 2.4 Table 2.5

Tabe 2.6

Tabe 2.7 Table 2.8 Table 2.9

Tabe ฀1 Tabe ฀2 Table A3 Table 3.1

TOBACCO CONTROL AND TOBACCO FARMING

Crops rated on contrasting crop characteristics, using a scale of 1 to 3 between the two poles of each contrast, Daulatpur, Kushtia Principal component analysis of the multidimensional relationships among crops and crop characteristics, Daulatpur, Kushtia Tobaccofarming regions in Kenya Gross export of tobacco and tobacco products (KES millions), 1981–2010 Kenya tobaccocontrol timeline, 1992–2010 Cycle of tobacco farming in Kenya Evoutîon of tobacco productîon în Brazî and four Southern states, 1990–2010 (tons) Evoutîon of Brazîîan tobacco export by quantîty (tons) and vaue (USD), 1999–2011 Evoutîon of tobacco productîon and cîgarette consumption in Brazil, 2000–2010 Federa government poîcîes reated to the Natîona Program for Dîversîicatîon în Tobacco-Growîng ฀reas

฀verage buyîng and seîng prîces (USD/kg) set by the Régie Buying price structure set by international companies (USD/kg), 2011 Subsidies per region, by year (Lebanon) Lebanese tobacco production, 2008–2012 Tobacco farmers and land under tobacco production, 2010 ฀verage quantîty output per farmer and îcenses, by region, 2010 ฀verage vaue of output (USD), by regîon, 2010 Fulltime farmers and labor intensity comparisons Estimation of farmers’ profit (USD) from the 2010 tobacco crop, Aytaroun, Lebanon The Régîe prîce îst based on quaîty of tobacco Number of actîve îcenses by governorate Lebanese tobacco imports and exports, 2008–2012 Top burley tobacco leaf exporters, 1998–2011 (million kilograms)

163

164 190

191 193 196

214

214

218

225

39

39 41 43

46

47 48 49

52 57 58 59

64

Table 3.2

Table 3.3 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table 3.6

Table 3.7 Tabe 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Table 5.5

Tabe 5.6

Table 6.1 Table 6.2

Tabe 6.3

Table 6.4

Table 6.5

Table 6.6 Table 6.7

Tabe 7.1

Tabe 7.2

LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND PHOTOGRAPHS

Economic indicators of the importance of tobacco in Malawi, 2010 Burley tobacco farmers in Malawi, 2010 Production cost for tobacco in Malawi, 2005 Assembly costs for burley tobacco, Malawi Leaf buyer market share at tobacco auction and through contract buying, 2007–2012 Tobacco auction and contract sales and prices, 2004–2012 The dîstrîbutîon of tobacco farmers în ive countîes (upazilas), by landholding and relationship to the tobacco companies The interaction of reasons why farmers continue to grow tobacco Costs and benefits per ha of tobacco production at different locations in Bangladesh, 2011 Costs and benefits per ha of different food and fodder systems at different locations in Bangladesh, 2011 Farmergenerated categories of gains and losses, and sample scores from two farmers (tobacco and mixed crop) Estîmated market vaue of tobacco and mîxed crop combinations (winter season only) Number of tobacco farmers in Kenya, 2011 Reasons for starting tobacco farming, South Nyanza Region Curîng and marketîng probems facîng actîve tobacco farmers, South Nyanza Region Reasons for not participating in tobacco production, South Nyanza Region Impact of tobacco farming on other crops, South Nyanza Region Contrasts between tobacco and bamboo Farmers experimenting with bamboo who abandoned tobacco farming, 2006–2013 Vaue, quantîty and prîce paîd (by kîogram) for tobacco exported by Brazil, 2009–2011 ฀rea harvested, yîed, productîon vaue and economic yield per area (in thousands of BRLs) of the main crops grown in Brazil in 2000 and 2010

i

x

66 67 73 75

79 82

154

157

168

170

173

178 191

195

198

199

200 206

207

216

219

x

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Tabe 7.5

TOBACCO CONTROL AND TOBACCO FARMING

Distinctions between crop substitution and sustainable dîversîicatîon EMBRAPA research on different production systems in temperate climate zones How the food acquîsîtîon program operates

229

234 236

Photographs Photograph 2.1 Chîdren and mother sortîng harvested tobacco leaf, Aytaroun, South Lebanon, 2012. Photo credit: Wael AlLadiki. 50 Photograph 2.2 ฀îr curîng of tobacco eaves în a home, ฀yrtaroun, South Lebanon, 2012. Photo credit: Wael AlLadiki. 51 Photograph 3.1 ฀ pregnant woman carryîng tobacco eaves from the ied to her home in Kasungu, Malawi. Women and children provîde much of the abor used în smahoder tobacco farming. Photo credit: Laura Graen. 69 Photograph 3.2 Tobacco tenant farmer Isaac Chîng’oma îves wîth his wife and three children on a tobacco estate in Kasungu, Malawi. Photo credit: Laura Graen. 71 Photograph 3.3 Bundes of eaves beîng sewn before hangîng to dry in a shed in Kasungu, Malawi. Photo credit: Laura Graen. 72 Photograph 3.4 ฀n opened tobacco bae rejected due to quaîty issues (N/S, Auction Holdings). Photo credit: Laura Graen. 76 Photograph 4.1 Farmers in Kushtia (Bangladesh) discussing their sense of betraya over a ower prîce than promîsed în theîr contract. Photo credit: Abdul Zabbar. 106 Photograph 4.2 Woman farmer in Kenya sorting, tying and grading tobacco eaves for sae. Photo credît: Sandy Campbell, IDRC. 108 Photograph 4.3 Boy harvestîng tobacco eaves în São Lourenço do Su, Rio Grande do Sul. Photo credit: G. E. G. Almeida. 113 Photograph 4.4 Farmer in Kushtia (Bangladesh) applying pesticide to tobacco plants while children weed the field. Photo credit: Abdul Zabbar. 117 Photograph 4.5 Wood collected from the hillsides of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (Bangladesh) and floated down the Matamuhurî Rîver feeds the kîns for tobacco grown aong the rîver bank. Photo credît: ฀bdu Zabbar. 126