A Concise History of South Sudan

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Description

This new and revised edition of 'A Concise History of South Sudan' was revised by Avelino Androga Said, Yosa Wawa, Anne Farren and Anders Breidlid. All chapters were revised and a new chapter on the period from the referendum in 2011 to the period after independence has been added. When the first edition was published in 2010 it was the first history book of its kind in the now South Sudan. This first edition was primarily intended for secondary schools in South Sudan, but the book proved to arouse great interest to many other South Sudanese both inside South Sudan as well as in the diaspora. This was not surprising since it was the first history book on South Sudan to cover, albeit not in detail, the whole history from the origin of mankind to the present. The book may be of interest to students, academicians, politicians and civil society groups such as churches and youth and women's groups. The first, original edition of this book was produced as a result of extensive team work, and the majority of the contributors are South Sudanese citizens, either living in South Sudan or in the diaspora.

1. What Historians Do

2. The Early History of Sudan

3. Nineteenth-Century Turning Point

4. Southern Sudan under the Rule of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium (1899-1945)

5. The Independence Struggle 1942 – 1958

6. From Military Rule and Armed Resistance to the Addis Ababa Agreement of 1972

7. The Addis Ababa Agreement and the Southern Regional Governments 1972-1983

8. The Second Civil War, 1983-2005

9. The Meaning of the CPA

10. The Referendum, Independence and its Aftermath

Appendix 1:The Addis Ababa Agreement

Appendix 2: The Machakos Protocol

Further reading

Index

Sujets

• Africa
• History
• East
• History of Africa
• History of Sudan
• East Africa
• Histoire

Informations

• Publié par: Fountain Publishers
• Date de parution: 20 octobre 2014
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9789970196791
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 24 Mo

Extrait

A Concîse Hîstory o Sout Sudan

New and Revîsed Edîtîon

Anders Breîdîd (edîtor) Aveîno Androga Saîd and Astrîd Krîstîne Breîdîd (co-edîtors)

Anne Farren and Yosa Wawa (addîtîona co-edîtors o te new and revîsed edîtîon)

FOUNTAINPUBLISHERS www.fountainpublishers.co.ug

Founàin Publishers P.O. Box 488 Kàmpàlà, Ugàndà E-màil: sàles@founàinpublishers.co.ug  publishing@founàinpublishers.co.ug Websie: www.founàinpublishers.co.ug

Disribued in Europe ànd Commonweàlh counries ouside africà by: africàn Books Collecive Ld, P.O. Box 721, Oxford OX1 9EN, UK. Tel/Fàx: [phone] E-màil: orders@àfricànbookscollecive.com Websie: www.àfricànbookscollecive.com

©Minisry of Educàion, Science ànd Technology, Governmen of Souh Sudàn ànd he ediors 2014 Firs published 2010 New ànd Revised Ediion 2014

all righs reserved. No pàr of his publicàion mày be reproduced, sored in à rerievàl sysem, or rànsmited in àny form or by àny meàns, elecronic, mechànicàl, phoocopying, recording or oherwise, wihou prior writen permission from he publishers.

ISBN: 978-9970-25-337-1

Cover designby GoeunBàe Prepàràion of phoogràphs by Càrlos Gàldàmes Fuenes

Contents

Sources o Potos/Fîgures .......................................................................xî Preace to te New and Revîsed Edîtîon............................................... xîîî Postscrîpt......................................................................................xv Acknowedgements .............................................................................. xvî 1. Wat Hîstorîans Do................................................................. 1 Wy do we study îstory? Wy îs ît împortant? ........................... 1 Sources o înormatîon on îstory ................................................ 2 2. he Early Hîstory o Sudan.................................................... 17 ïntroductîon .............................................................................. 17 New socîa and poîtîca organîsatîon ......................................... 19 he Kus Kîngdom în Nubîa ..................................................... 20 Kus în te Crîstîan Bîbe ........................................................ 22 Conusîon over Kus în te Greek transatîon o te Hebrew Bîbe .......................................................................................... 22 he oundatîon and growt o te Kus Kîngdom ..................... 23 he kîngs o Kus at Napata: c.750 BC – c.270 BC................... 23 he Kus Kîngdom at Meroë: 350 B.C-350 A.D....................... 27 Economîc îe ............................................................................. 28 Gods o te Meroîtes, Amun and Apedemak.............................. 31 Poîtîca organîsatîon at Meroë ................................................... 32 he tree Kîngdoms o Crîstîan Nubîa .................................... 33 he comîng o Crîstîanîty to Nubîa ......................................... 35 Arcîtecture, art and earnîng în Crîstîan Nubîa ...................... 36 Wy dîd Crîstîanîty dîsappear în Nubîa around 1500 AD?...... 39 he comîng o te Arabs to Sudan ............................................. 41 he reasons or te mîgratîon o Arabs înto Sudan în te 7t century....................................................................................... 41 he mîgratîon o te Arabs înto Nubîa în 641-651 AD.............. 42 Course o mîgratîon and settement o te Arabs........................ 42

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Some efects o te Arab mîgratîon on te peope o Sudan........ 44 he Kîngdom o te Funj: 1504 AD–1821 AD ......................... 46 Foundatîon and expansîon o te Funj Kîngdom ....................... 47 Socîa îe o te Funj ................................................................. 48 Economîc îe o te Funj........................................................... 49 Poîtîca organîsatîon o te Funj................................................ 51 he decîne o te Funj Kîngdom............................................... 52 he maîn anguages o Sout Sudan........................................... 53 he mîgratîon o Sudanîc peopes to te present day Sout Sudan ..56 he centra Sudanîc peopes ....................................................... 57 he Ma’dî ................................................................................... 57 Mîgratîon îstory ....................................................................... 58 Poîtîca organîsatîon ................................................................. 59 Reîgîous beîes ......................................................................... 59 Economîc and socîa îe............................................................. 60 he mîgratîon o Eastern Nîotîcs .............................................. 61 he cîvîîsatîon o te Nîotes .................................................... 61 he Barî o Sout Sudan ............................................................ 62 Mîgratîon îstory ....................................................................... 63 Economîc îe ............................................................................. 63 Socîa and poîtîca organîsatîon ................................................. 63 he mîgratîon o Western Nîotîcs (or Rîver Lake Nîotes) ......... 64 he Luo groups among te Nîotes ............................................ 65 Beîes o Nîotes ........................................................................ 65 Poîtîca organîzatîon o Nîotes ................................................. 66 Economîc îe o Nîotes............................................................. 66 he Sîuk (Coo) Kîngdom o te Wîte Nîe ...................... 67 Orîgîns and mîgratîon o te Sîuk (Coo) ........................... 68 Language and ormatîon o te Sîuk (Coo) ........................ 68 Settement o te Sîuk (Coo).............................................. 69 Socîa îe o te Sîuk (Coo) ............................................... 70 Customs o te Sîuk (Coo) ................................................ 70 Beîes o te Sîuk (Coo) .................................................... 71 Economîc îe o te Sîuk (Coo)......................................... 71

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3.

Poîtîca organîsatîon .................................................................. 73 he Anywaa ............................................................................... 74 Orîgîn and mîgratîon îstory ..................................................... 74 Socîa organîsatîon ..................................................................... 75 Poîtîca system o te Anywaa ................................................... 76 Economîc îe ............................................................................. 76 he Nuer.................................................................................... 77 Mîgratîon îstory ....................................................................... 77 Poîtîca organîzatîon.................................................................. 78 Economîc îe o te Nuer .......................................................... 78 he Dînka.................................................................................. 78 Mîgratîon îstory ....................................................................... 79 Reîgîous beîes o te Dînka..................................................... 80 Poîtîca îe and vaues ............................................................... 80 Economîc îe ............................................................................. 82 he Kîngdom o te Azande ...................................................... 83 Socîa organîzatîon ..................................................................... 85 Tradîtîona beîes....................................................................... 85 Customs around bîrt and marrîed îe ...................................... 86 Poîtîca organîsatîon o te Azande............................................ 86 Economîc îe ............................................................................. 87 NîneteentCentury Turnîng Poînt ........................................ 90 ïntroductîon .............................................................................. 90 Economîc and socîa deveopment în Soutern Sudan by 1850.. 90 Poîtîca groups în te Sout în te 19t century ....................... 92 Poîtîca organîzatîon o Sudanîc and Nîotîc socîetîes în te 19t century .............................................................................. 93 Economîc organîzatîon în Soutern Sudan around 1850 ........... 95 Socîa organîzatîon and women´s roe ........................................ 96 he Turko-Egyptîan conquest ................................................... 98 he conquest o Sudan ............................................................. 100 he searc or god and îvory ................................................... 102 Savery ..................................................................................... 104

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4.

he comîng o te Crîstîan mîssîonarîes to te Sout ............ 108 he Wîte Nîe trade ater 1841 .............................................. 110 Eepant unters become weaty ............................................ 111 hezarîbas............................................................................... 112 he spread o vîoence .............................................................. 112 he împact o te save trade on Sudanese durîng te Turkîyya ...114 he suppressîon o te save trade and te annexatîon o Soutern Sudan ....................................................................... 117 Bar e-Gaza ......................................................................... 120 Poîtîca împact o te Turkîyya on Sudan ................................ 121 he Madîst revoutîon............................................................ 122 Wy dîd te Madîst revoutîon succeed? ................................ 124 Soutern Sudan under te Rule o te AngloEgyptîan Condomînîum (18991945) ................................................ 129 ïntroductîon ............................................................................ 129 he Ango-Egyptîan conquest o Sudan ................................... 129 he Fasoda încîdent ............................................................... 131 Condomînîum: A ‘ybrîd’ orm o government ....................... 135 he Brîtîs begîn to rue Soutern Sudan ................................ 138 Resîstance to te Ango-Egyptîan rue în te varîous regîons .... 138 Caenges rom te pastoraîsts în Upper Nîe and Bar- e- Gaza...................................................................................... 139 Caenges among te Nuer ..................................................... 142 Cotton growîng în Soutern Sudan.......................................... 143 Condomînîum poîcy............................................................... 144 Pase one 1899-1920............................................................... 144 Mîssîonarîes ............................................................................. 146 Pase two: 1920-1945.............................................................. 148 Educatîon under te Brîtîs ..................................................... 154 he consequences o Brîtîs rue or te Nort-Sout and Sout-Sout reatîons în Sudan................................................ 159 he begînnîng o îndependence................................................ 163

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5.

6.

7.

he Independence Struggle 1942 – 1958 ............................ 167 ïntroductîon ............................................................................ 167 he Juba Conerence 1947....................................................... 170 Unrest în te Sout.................................................................. 173 he Legîsatîve Assemby .......................................................... 175 Se-government ....................................................................... 176 Economîc and socîa deveopments în te Sout 1942 – 1956 ....184 Educatîon ................................................................................ 187 he Torît mutîny, August 1955 ............................................... 191 he massacre în Abyeî .............................................................. 194 ïndependence: he transer o power........................................ 194 Post – ïndependent Sudan........................................................ 197 Soutern poîtîca partîes and te ederatîon controversy.......... 200 From Mîlîtary Rule and Armed Resîstance to te Addîs Ababa Agreement o 1972............................................................... 205 ïntroductîon ............................................................................ 205 Abboud comes to power 1958.................................................. 206 Soutern response to Abboud´s poîcy ..................................... 208 Abboud and te Crîstîan mîssîonary socîetîes......................... 211 he begînnîng o te Soutern Sudanese armed strugge .......... 212 he overtrow o Abboud’s regîme ........................................... 215 Socîa and economîc deveopment............................................ 223 Natîona poîcy 1965-1969 ...................................................... 226 he drat ïsamîc constîtutîon .................................................. 230 Soutern actîonaîsm .............................................................. 231 Support rom abroad................................................................ 234 Nîmeîrî takes over în Kartoum............................................... 235 he Addîs Ababa Agreement and te Soutern Regîonal Governments 19721983...................................................... 242 ïntroductîon ............................................................................ 242 Background o te Addîs Ababa Agreement ............................. 242 he Addîs Ababa Agreement .................................................... 246 Reactîons to te agreement ...................................................... 250

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8.

he poîtîcs o te Soutern regîona governments ................... 252 he irst regîona governments 1972 – 1978 ........................... 254 he second regîona government 1978 – 1980 ......................... 260 he tîrd regîona government 1980 – 1981 and te abrogatîon o te Addîs Ababa Agreement în 1983 .................................... 261 Conlîctîng îssues rom te Addîs Ababa Agreement to te second cîvî war........................................................................ 264 Economîc deveopment............................................................ 270 Sarî’a aw................................................................................ 274 he Second Cîvîl War, 19832005........................................ 279 ïntroductîon ............................................................................ 279 he oundîng o te SPLA/M and îts aîms ............................... 280 he ormatîon o te SPLM /SPLA and te eadersîp questîon280 he îberatîon war .................................................................... 285 Nîmeîrî’s reactîons to te mountîng însurgency........................ 286 he overtrow o Nîmeîrî......................................................... 288 he Koka Dam Decaratîon .................................................... 289 he Koka Dam Decaratîon was not împemented by te new coaîtîon government ............................................................... 290 he Sudanese Peope´s Lîberatîon Army acquîres a wîder base.. 291 he Sudanese Peace ïnîtîatîve ................................................... 292 he NïF mîîtary coup ............................................................. 294 Conlîcts among Soutern Sudanese ....................................... 297 he împact o Mengîstu´s departure rom Etîopîa on te SPLA ....................................................................................... 299 he Bor Massacre ..................................................................... 302 Souterners ep Basîr to igt te SPLA ............................... 303 he consequences o war .......................................................... 307 A Soutern îdentîty.................................................................. 308 Dîspaced persons în and around Kartoum durîng te war .... 311 he constructîon o a Soutern îdentîty în and around te capîta ...................................................................................... 313 Educatîon în te SPLM/A-controed areas: Reînorcîng Soutern resîstance .................................................................. 316

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9. he Meanîng o te CPA ..................................................... 321 ïntroductîon ............................................................................ 321 Peace negotîatîons: ïnternatîona attempts to brîng peace between te Sout and te Nort ........................................... 322 he sîgnîng o te Compreensîve Peace Agreement(CPA) ...... 326 he CPA was not compreensîve ............................................. 335 Preparatîon or te reerendum 2011 ....................................... 336 10. he Reerendum, Independence and îts Atermat .............. 340 he reerendum în January 2011 în Soutern Sudan................ 340 he îndependence o Sout Sudan ........................................... 341 Caenges ater îndependence ................................................. 344 Corruptîon în Sout Sudan...................................................... 346 Sout Sudan în înterna conlîct............................................... 347 Appendîx 1:he Addîs Ababa Agreement ........................................... 351 Appendîx 2: he Macakos Protoco................................................... 354 Furter readîng ................................................................................ 364 Index ............................................................................................... 369

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