Abortion Pills, Test Tube Babies, and Sex Toys
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159 pages
English

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Description

From Viagra to in vitro fertilization, new technologies are rapidly changing the global face of reproductive health. They are far from neutral: religious, cultural, social, and legal contexts condition their global transfer. The way a society interprets and adopts (or rejects) a new technology reveals a great deal about the relationship between bodies and the body politic. Reproductive health technologies are often particularly controversial because of their potential to reconfigure kinship relationships, sexual mores, gender roles, and the way life is conceptualized. This collection of original ethnographic research spans the region from Morocco and Tunisia to Israel and Iran and covers a wide range of technologies, including emergency contraception, medication abortion, gamete donation, hymenoplasty, erectile dysfunction, and gender transformation.


Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

Introduction | Setting the Context: Sexuality, Reproductive Health, and Medical Technologies in the Middle East and North Africa
Angel M. Foster and L. L. Wynn

Part I | Preventing and Terminating Pregnancy

Is There an Islamic IUD? Exploring the Acceptability of a Hormone-Releasing Intrauterine Device in Egypt
Ahmed Ragaa A. Ragab

Introducing Emergency Contraception in Morocco: A Slow Start after a Long Journey
Elena Chopyak

Mifepristone in Tunisia: A Model for Expanding Access to Medication Abortion
Angel M. Foster

Navigating Barriers to Abortion Access: Misoprostol in the West Bank
Francoise Daoud and Angel M. Foster

Part II | Achieving Pregnancy and Parenthood

"Worse comes to worst, I have a safety net": Fertility Preservation among Young, Single, Jewish Breast Cancer Patients in Israel
Daphna Birenbaum-Carmeli, Efrat Dagan, and Suzi Modiano Gattegno

The "ART" of Making Babies Using In Vitro Fertilization: Assisted Reproduction Technologies in the United Arab Emirates
Shirin Karsan

Wanted Babies, Excess Fetuses: The Middle East's In Vitro Fertilization, High-Order Multiple Pregnancy, Fetal Reduction Nexus
Marcia C. Inhorn

Birthing Bodies, Pregnant Selves: Gestational Surrogates, Intended Mothers, and Distributed Maternity in Israel
Elly Teman

C-Sections as a Nefarious Plot: The Politics of Pronatalism in Turkey
Katrina MacFarlane

Part III | Engaging Sex and Sexuality

HPV Vaccine Uptake in Lebanon: A Vicious Cycle of Misinformation, Stigma, and Prohibitive Costs
Faysal El-Kak

Hymenoplasty in Contemporary Iran: Liminality and the Embodiment of Contested Discourses
Azal Ahmadi

"Viagra Soup": Consumer Fantasies and Masculinity in Portrayals of Erectile Dysfunction Drugs in Cairo, Egypt
L. L. Wynn

Sex Toys and the Politics of Pleasure in Morocco
Jessica Marie Newman

Narratives of Gender Transformation Practices for Transgender Women in Diyarbakir, Turkey
M. A. Sanders

Conclusion | Individual, Community, Religion, State: Technology at the Intersection
Donna Lee Bowen

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Glossary of Foreign Terms

Bibliography

Contributors

Index

Sujets

Informations

Publié par
Date de parution 25 juillet 2017
Nombre de lectures 0
EAN13 9780826521293
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 1 Mo

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Extrait

Abortion Pills, Test Tube Babies, and Sex Toys
ABORTION PILLS, TEST TUBE BABIES, AND SEX TOYS
Emerging Sexual and Reproductive Technologies in the Middle East and North Africa
Edited by L. L. Wynn and Angel M. Foster
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY PRESS NASHVILLE
© 2016 by Vanderbilt University Press
Nashville, Tennessee 37235
All rights reserved
First printing 2016
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on file
LC control number 2016007085
LC classification number RG133.5 .A26 2016
Dewey class number 618.1/8
ISBN 978-0-8265-2127-9 (hardcover)
ISBN 978-0-8265-2128-6 (paperback)
ISBN 978-0-8265-2129-3 (ebook)
To Dave, Eddy, and fruit bats .
Contents
Acknowledgments
INTRODUCTION : Setting the Context: Sexuality, Reproductive Health, and Medical Technologies in the Middle East and North Africa
Angel M. Foster and L. L. Wynn
Part I: Preventing and Terminating Pregnancy
1. Is There an Islamic IUD?: Exploring the Acceptability of a Hormone-Releasing Intrauterine Device in Egypt
Ahmed Ragaa A. Ragab
2. Introducing Emergency Contraception in Morocco: A Slow Start after a Long Journey
Elena Chopyak
3. Mifepristone in Tunisia: A Model for Expanding Access to Medication Abortion
Angel M. Foster
4. Navigating Barriers to Abortion Access: Misoprostol in the West Bank
Francoise Daoud and Angel M. Foster
Part II: Achieving Pregnancy and Parenthood
5. “Worse comes to worst, I have a safety net”: Fertility Preservation among Young, Single, Jewish Breast Cancer Patients in Israel
Daphna Birenbaum-Carmeli, Efrat Dagan, and Suzi Modiano Gattegno
6. The “ART” of Making Babies Using In Vitro Fertilization: Assisted Reproduction Technologies in the United Arab Emirates
Shirin Karsan
7. Wanted Babies, Excess Fetuses: The Middle East’s In Vitro Fertilization, High-Order Multiple Pregnancy, Fetal Reduction Nexus
Marcia C. Inhorn
8. Birthing Bodies, Pregnant Selves: Gestational Surrogates, Intended Mothers, and Distributed Maternity in Israel
Elly Teman
9. C-Sections as a Nefarious Plot: The Politics of Pronatalism in Turkey
Katrina MacFarlane
Part III: Engaging Sex and Sexuality
10. HPV Vaccine Uptake in Lebanon: A Vicious Cycle of Misinformation, Stigma, and Prohibitive Costs
Faysal El-Kak
11. Hymenoplasty in Contemporary Iran: Liminality and the Embodiment of Contested Discourses
Azal Ahmadi
12. “Viagra Soup”: Consumer Fantasies and Masculinity in Portrayals of Erectile Dysfunction Drugs in Cairo, Egypt
L. L. Wynn
13. Sex Toys and the Politics of Pleasure in Morocco
Jessica Marie Newman
14. Narratives of Gender Transformation Practices for Transgender Women in Diyarbakir, Turkey
M. A. Sanders
CONCLUSION : Individual, Community, Religion, State: Technology at the Intersection
Donna Lee Bowen
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Glossary of Foreign Terms
Bibliography
Contributors
Index
Acknowledgments
This book has been a work in progress for a long, long time. As editors, we are especially grateful to the contributing authors for engaging with these topics—it has been a privilege working with all of you. We are also thankful to the many colleagues and friends who have supported this work, contributing their intellectual insights, humor, and critiques. We would like to give a special shout out to Wayne Chambliss, Laryssa Chomiak, Raywat Deonandan, Greg Downey, Marcia Inhorn, Matteo Legrenzi, Bobby Parks, Chris Patil, Gordon Peake, Eugene Rogan, Cari Sietstra, James Trussell, Tracy Weitz, and the Sydney Writers Anthropology Group (SWAG).
We gratefully acknowledge the organizations and funders who supported the editors’ work on this book at various phases, including the Australian Research Council, the Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund, the Society of Family Planning, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, Cambridge Reproductive Health Consultants, Ibis Reproductive Health, Macquarie University, Yale University Department of Anthropology, and the University of Ottawa. Angel’s Endowed Chair in Women’s Health Research is funded by the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, and we appreciate the general support for her time that made this book possible.
Michael Ames at Vanderbilt University Press has been an incredible champion of this project, and we thank him and his team for seeing it to the finish line. We also thank the fabulous interns and research assistants who helped with various phases of this project: Mona El-Mowafi, Ilgin Irmak, and Mackenzie Taylor Shaheen-Akins.
Lisa wants to thank David, Saiph, Rigel, Alex, Elijah, Jeff, and Louise.
Angel wants to thank Nancy Mancy (yes, you read that right), Emad Mancy, and Pruney Lemmens for their love and encouragement and Eddy Niesten for . . . everything.
INTRODUCTION
Setting the Context
Sexuality, Reproductive Health, and Medical Technologies in the Middle East and North Africa
Angel M. Foster and L. L. Wynn
To paraphrase Claude Lévi-Strauss (as anthropologists are wont to do), technologies are “good to think” with (Lévi-Strauss 1969, 162). That is because technologies are “society made durable” (Latour 1990). This is nowhere more true than with sexual and reproductive health technologies. Emerging reproductive health technologies are particularly important to study because they are life and death, both literally and figuratively.
In a world where “unsafe sex is the second most important risk factor for disability and death in the world’s poorest communities and the ninth most important in developed countries” (Glasier et al. 2006, 1595), sexual and reproductive health technologies make the difference between life and death. Medical technologies such as contraception, abortion, interventions in childbirth, and treatment for sexually transmitted infections have a tremendous impact on the well-being of women, men, and families. Assisted reproductive technologies offer the possibility of new life—a child—to infertile individuals seeking to become parents.
Emerging sexual and reproductive health technologies are important for social scientists to study also because they are metaphorically about life and death, touching as they do on sex and the beginning of life, two of the most moralized areas of society (Wynn and Trussell 2006). Assisted reproductive technologies, pregnancy termination technologies, and new forms of contraception all intervene in or prevent early human life, placing “new technologies of reproduction within an interpretative space where different ontologies of fetal existence and human coming-into-being compete” (Gammeltoft and Wahlberg 2014, 209).
When new reproductive health technologies emerge or are taken up in society, these technologies crystallize social debates, reminding us that culture is not static or uniformly distributed within society; rather, culture is the “orga nization of diversity” (Wallace 2009). This organization of diversity is vividly illustrated in the robust debates the contributors to this volume document over the uses of new technologies across the Middle East and North Africa. Studying these debates about emerging reproductive health technologies reveals social attitudes toward ideal and proscribed sexuality, assumptions about and challenges to normative gender roles, beliefs about families, cosmologies about when life begins and how an individual relates to God, and expectations about the role of government and medical experts in individuals’ sexual and reproductive lives.
As products of scientific knowledge, technologies sometimes appear to be culturally neutral, but both technologies and the science that produce them are always products of social networks and cultural discourses (Roberts 2007, 3). Therefore, Bruno Latour urges us to not ask “ ‘is this social,’ ‘is this technical or scientific’ ” when we study technologies, but rather to see how technologies are never one or the other, but are always a chain of the connected social and technological (1990, 110).
Another way of thinking about the sociality of technologies is in terms of Star and Griesemer’s account of “boundary objects,” which they define as “scientific objects which both inhabit several intersecting social worlds . . . and satisfy the informational requirements of each of them” (Star and Griesemer 1989, 393). This insight explains why technologies sometimes appear to be socially and culturally neutral. Technologies are easily reconfigured and adapted for use in different social and cultural settings, and yet at the same time they retain a common identity that allows them to circulate transnationally in forms that are mutually intelligible. It is that shared identity that allows technologies to appear universal, and it is their plasticity, their translatability across diverse social worlds, that makes them ubiquitous. That technologies are simultaneously concrete and abstract has implications for the chapters in this volume, where contributors both present the biographies of material things and invoke imaginations of social worlds.
Some technologies are materia medica —that is, medical materials, including but not limited to pharmaceutical products, that have “social lives” (Appadurai 1988) and “vigorous commodity careers” (Whyte, van der Geest, and Hardon 2002, 3). Others are less material and more ephemeral, yet nevertheless are technologies: surgical or laboratory techniques, taught in medical school or improvised by innovative physicians, deployed on or through women’s and men’s bodies, and debated by ethicists, religious authorities, and laypeople. Both concrete and abstract, physical and metaphorical, medical technologies thus have “deep and abiding presences in our bodies, our persons, our selves” (Downey and Dumit 1997, 5).
Although the term technology often connotes innovations at the cutting edge of science, it does not necessarily refer to something new, and the ti

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