Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Geoffrey Clarke, Stewart C. Bushong

Description

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical and Biological Principles, 4th Edition offers comprehensive, well-illustrated coverage on this specialized subject at a level that does not require an extensive background in math and physics. It covers the fundamentals and principles of conventional MRI along with the latest fast imaging techniques and their applications. Beginning with an overview of the fundamentals of electricity and magnetism (Part 1), Parts 2 and 3 present an in-depth explanation of how MRI works. The latest imaging methods are presented in Parts 4 and 5, and the final section (Part 6) covers personnel and patient safety and administration issues. This book is perfect for student radiographers and practicing technologists preparing to take the MRI advanced certification exam offered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT).

"I would recommend it to anyone starting their MRI training and anyone trying to teach MRI to others." Reviewed by RAD Magazine, June 2015

• Challenge questions at the end of each chapter help you assess your comprehension.
• Chapter outlines and objectives assist you in following the hierarchy of material in the text.
• Penguin boxes highlight key points in the book to help you retain the most important information and concepts in the text.

• NEW! Two MRI practice exams that mirror the test items in each ARRT category have been added to the end of the text to help you replicate the ARRT exam experience.
• NEW! Chapter on Partially Parallel Magnetic Resonance Imaging increases the comprehensiveness of the text.
• NEW! Updated key terms have been added to each chapter with an updated glossary defining each term.

Sujets

• Imaging Technologies
• Allied Health Services
• Medical
• Médecine

Informations

• Publié par: Mosby
• Date de parution: 28 mars 2003
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780323277655
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Physical and Biological Principles
Fourth Edition
Stewart Carlyle Bushong, ScD, FAAPM, FACR
Professor of Radiologic Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
Geoffrey Clarke, PhD
Professor and Chief of Graduate Education, Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Part I Fundamentals
Chapter 1 An Overview of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Historical Trail
Why Magnetic Resonance Imaging?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hardware
An Overview of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Chapter 2 Electricity and Magnetism
Electrostatics
Electrodynamics
Magnetism
Electromagnetism
Electromagnetic Radiation
Chapter 3 Nuclear Magnetism
Quantum Mechanical Description
Classical Mechanical Description
Reference Frames
Chapter 4 Equilibrium-Saturation
Net Magnetization
Radiofrequency Pulses
Free Induction Decay
Radiofrequency Pulse Diagrams
Part II The Magnetic Resonance Image
Chapter 5 Radiofrequency Pulse Sequences
The Basic One-Pulse Sequence
Spin Echo and Multi-Echo Spin Echo
Inversion Recovery
Stimulated Echo
Chapter 6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tissue Parameters
Proton Density
T1 Relaxation Time
T2 Relaxation Time
Chapter 7 Manipulating Magnetic Resonance Image Contrast
How to Make T2-Weighted Images
How to Make T2*-Weighted Images
How to Make Proton Density-Weighted Images
How to Make T1-Weighted Images
T1-Weighted Images Versus T2-Weighted Images
Contrast Agents in MRI
Chapter 8 Fourier Transforms in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
What is a Transform?
What is the Fourier Transform?
Why a Transform?
The Frequency Domain
Properties of Fourier Transforms of Image Data
Spatial Localization and the Fourier Transform
Flow and the Fourier Transform
Sampling and Aliasing
Part III The Imaging System
Chapter 9 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hardware
The Gantry
The Operators' Console
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Computers
MRI System Electronics
Chapter 10 Primary Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnets
Permanent Magnets
Electromagnets
Chapter 11 Secondary Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnets
Shim Coils
Gradient Coils
The Radiofrequency Probe
Part IV Image Formation
Chapter 12 Digital Imaging
The Computer's View of the World
The Spatial Frequency Domain
Spatial Localization and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Chapter 13 A Walk Through the Spatial Frequency Domain
Spatial Frequency
The Fourier Transform
Impact of Spatial Frequencies
Spatial Frequency Patterns and Order
Chapter 14 The Musical Score
The Purpose of the Pulse Sequences
Gradient Coil Function
Slice Selection
Pixel Location Within a Slice
The Effect of a Gradient on Precession
Pulse Sequence Diagrams
Chapter 15 Magnetic Resonance Images
What is an Image?
Location and Character
Image Evaluation Criteria
Magnetic Resonance Image Character
Weighted Images
Part V Pulse Sequences
Chapter 16 Spin Echo Imaging
Spin Echo Pulse Sequence
Inversion Recovery Imaging
Fast Spin Echo Imaging
Contrast Enhancement with Fast Spin Echo
Chapter 17 Chemical Shift and Magnetization Transfer
Chemical Shift
Magnetization Transfer
Chapter 18 Steady State Gradient Echo Imaging
The Gradient Echo
T2 Versus T2*
Spoiled GRE Versus Refocused GRE
Contrast-Enhanced Techniques
Chapter 19 Hybrid Fast Imaging Techniques
Turbo Imaging
Gradient and Spin Echo Imaging
Chapter 20 Echo-Planar Imaging
Echo-Planar Imaging
Hardware Requirements
Part VI Applications
Chapter 21 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Nuclear Species
Chemical Shift
Magnetic Field Dependence
The PPM Scale
Signal Intensity
J-Coupling
Medically Important Nuclei
Chapter 22 Partially Parallel Magnetic Resonance Imaging
General Description of Parallel Imaging
Image Based Parallel Imaging Reconstruction
k-Space Based Parallel Imaging Reconstruction
SNR and the Geometry Factor
Applications of Parallel Imaging
Extensions of Parallel Imaging
Chapter 23 Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Magnitude Effects
Phase Shift Effects
Flow Measurement
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Chapter 24 Perfusion Imaging
Exogenous Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Endogenous Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Chapter 25 Diffusion Imaging
Tissue Diffusion
Pulse Sequences
Chapter 26 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Imaging System Requirements
Imaging Techniques
Evaluation of the Heart
Part VII Safety
Chapter 27 Contrast Agents and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Approches to Contrast Enhancement
Available Contrast Agents
Other Possible Contrast Agents
Clinical Applications
Future Directions
Chapter 28 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Artifacts
Magnetic and Radiofrequency Field Distortion Artifacts
Reconstruction Artifacts
Noise-Induced Artifacts
Chapter 29 Biological Effects of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Energy Fields
Human Responses to Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Recommended Guidelines
General Safety Considerations
Pregnancy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Chapter 30 Managing a Magnetic Resonance Imaging System
Ancillary Equipment
Human Resources
Imaging Protocols
Imaging System Maintenance
Quality Control
Safety
Magnetic Resonance Safety Policies and Procedures
Patient Preparation
Appendix A The Bloch Equations
Appendix B Additional Resources
Practice Examinations
MRI Exam I
MRI Exam II
Answers to Challenge Questions
Answers to Practice Examinations
MRI Exam I
MRI Exam II
Glossary of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Terms
Index
Copyright

3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES ISBN: 978-0-323-07354-7
Copyright 2015, 2003, 1996, 1988 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions .
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bushong, Stewart C., author.
Magnetic resonance imaging : physical and biological principles / Stewart Carlyle Bushong, Geoffrey Clarke.-Fourth edition.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-323-07354-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)
I. Clarke, Geoffrey David, 1956- author. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. WN 185]
RC78.7.N83
616.07 54-dc23
2014016502
Executive Content Strategist: Sonya Seigafuse
Content Development Specialist: Kristen Mandava
Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson
Senior Project Manager: Rachel E. McMullen
Design Direction: Maggie Reid
Printed in the United States of America