Preventive Aspects of Early Nutrition

Description

There is ample evidence that early-life nutrition plays a powerful role in programming a person's development, metabolism and health for the future. Optimizing early nutrition may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, allergies, diabetes and obesity, and positively influence immune function as well as cognitive and behavioral outcomes later in life. The first part of this book covers the impact of nutrition on the immune system, the role of gut microbiota in the immune status, as well as the prevention and management of food allergies in children. The second part is dedicated to obesity prevention: experts in epigenetics and metabolic programming share scientific evidence on the use of biomarkers for predicting the risk of early obesity. They also discuss potential strategies for interrupting intergenerational cycles of obesity during pregnancy, early infancy and childhood. The last part covers complementary feeding and its importance in short- and long-term health, and how it can affect behavioral and psychological aspects, as well as food preferences in later life.

Informations

• Publié par: S. Karger AG
• Date de parution: 18 avril 2016
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9783318056433
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Preventive Aspects of Early Nutrition
Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
Vol. 85
Preventive Aspects of Early Nutrition
Editors
Mary S. Fewtrell London, UK
Ferdinand Haschke Salzburg, Austria
Susan L. Prescott Perth, Australia
Nestec Ltd., 55 Avenue Nestlé, CH-1800 Vevey (Switzerland) S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH-4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Fewtrell, Mary S., editor. | Haschke, F., editor. | Prescott, Susan L., editor.
Title: Preventive aspects of early nutrition /editors, Mary S. Fewtrell, Ferdinand Haschke, Susan L. Prescott.
Description: Basel; New York: Karger, [2016] | Series: Nestlé Nutrition Institute workshop series, ISSN 1664-2147; vol. 85 | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015046033| ISBN 9783318056426 (hard cover: alk. paper) |
ISBN 9783318056433 (electronic version)
Subjects: | MESH: Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena | Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena | Pediatric Obesity--prevention & control | Hypersensitivity--prevention & control | Congresses
Classification: LCC RJ206 | NLM WS 130 | DDC 613.2083--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015046033

The material contained in this volume was submitted as previously unpublished material, except in the instances in which credit has been given to the source from which some of the illustrative material was derived.
Great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of the information contained in the volume. However, neither Nestec Ltd. nor S. Karger AG can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of the information contained herein.
© 2016 Nestec Ltd., Vevey (Switzerland) and S. Karger AG, Basel (Switzerland). All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher.

Printed on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706)
ISBN 978-3-318-05642-6
e-ISBN 978-3-318-05643-3
ISSN 1664-2147
e-ISSN 1664-2155
Contents
Preface
Foreword
Contributors
Allergy
Early Nutrition as a Major Determinant of ‘Immune Health’: Implications for Allergy, Obesity and Other Noncommunicable Diseases
Prescott, S.L. (Australia/Western Australia)
The Future of Infant and Young Children’s Food: Food Supply/Manufacturing and Human Health Challenges in the 21st Century
Venter, C. (UK/USA); Maslin, K. (UK)
Infant Feeding: Foods, Nutrients and Dietary Strategies to Prevent Allergy
Beyer, K. (Germany)
Using Food and Nutritional Strategies to Induce Tolerance in Food-Allergic Children
Nowak-Węgrzyn, A. (USA)
Summary on Allergy
Prescott, S.L. (Australia)
Obesity Prevention
Interrupting Intergenerational Cycles of Maternal Obesity
Gillman,M.W. (USA)
Development, Epigenetics and Metabolic Programming
Godfrey, K.M.; Costello, P.M.; Lillycrop, K.A. (UK)
Endocrine and Metabolic Biomarkers Predicting Early Childhood Obesity Risk
Socha, P. (Poland); Hellmuth, C. (Germany); Gruszfeld, D. (Poland); Demmelmair, H.; Rzehak, P.; Grote, V.; Weber, M. (Germany); Escribano, J.; Closa-Monasterolo, R. (Spain); Dain, E.; Langhendries, J.-P. (Belgium); Riva, E.; Verduci, E. (Italy); Koletzko, B. (Germany) for the European Childhood Obesity Trial Study Group
Effects of Early Nutrition on the Infant Metabolome
Hellmuth, C.; Uhl, O.; Kirchberg, F.F.; Grote, V.; Weber, M.; Rzehak, P. (Germany); Carlier, C. (Belgium); Ferre, N. (Spain); Verduci, E. (Italy); Gruszfeld, D.; Socha, P. (Poland); Koletzko, B. (Germany) for the European Childhood Obesity Trial Study Group
Postnatal High Protein Intake Can Contribute to Accelerated Weight Gain of Infants and Increased Obesity Risk
Haschke, F. (Austria); Grathwohl, D.; Detzel, P.; Steenhout, P.; Wagemans, N.; Erdmann, P. (Switzerland)
Summary - Early Nutrition and Obesity Prevention
Haschke, F. (Austria)
Complementary Feeding: Taste, Eating Behavior and Later Health
Can Optimal Complementary Feeding Improve Later Health and Development?
Fewtrell,M.S. (UK)
Learning to Eat: Behavioral and Psychological Aspects
Birch, L.L. (USA)
The Development of Flavor Perception and Acceptance: The Roles of Nature and Nurture
Forestell,C.A.(USA)
Dietary Patterns during Complementary Feeding and Later Outcomes
Emmett, P.M. (UK)
Nature and Nurture in Early Feeding Behavior
Cooke, L.; Llewellyn, C. (UK)
Summary on Complementary Feeding: Taste, Eating Behavior and Later Health
Fewtrell,M.S. (UK)
Subject Index


For more information on related publications, please consult the NNI website: www.nestlenutrition-institute.org
Preface
Early-life nutrition is arguably the most critical determinant of future health. It provides the energy and critical building blocks for all development, determines our future tastes and eating behaviors, and supplies the crucial substrate for the establishment of a healthy microbiome, now recognized as one of the most important determinants of immune and metabolic health. Our diets are also an increasing source of exposure to adverse elements in the environment, including contaminants and pollutants in our food and water supply, which have greater potential to affect human health early in life than at any other stage.
Optimizing early nutrition can have long-term benefits for long-term biological reserve and resilience, through effects on developing structure and physiological responses. Greater attention to this is key to maximizing human potential. Indeed, improved early-life nutrition has been a major element in dramatic improvements in life expectancy over the 20th century, particularly in high-income countries. However, access to healthy food remains an important factor in the wide global disparities in human health and longevity that still remain. Across the threshold of the 21st century, new nutritional challenges are emerging, with overnutrition and obesity now the most significant threats to the future of human health. Rising rates of inflammatory and metabolic diseases in children now underscore the importance of understanding the impact of the early environment on immune and metabolic health. For the first time in modern history, the current generation is expected to have a shorter life expectancy than their parents, simply because of obesity and the associated increased risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including diabetes, heart disease, mental ill health, some cancers, musculoskeletal disorders and immune diseases. In particular, the epidemic rise in very-early-onset NCDs, such as infant allergy, provide clear evidence of immune dysregulation and the rising early predisposition to inflammation.
Diet-sensitive pathways are likely to be crucial in understanding how early-life conditions influence the finely balanced development of immune and metabolic responses. In particular, diet is at the center of the emerging epigenetic paradigms that may underpin the rise in several NCDs. While epigenetic mechanisms provide a potential explanation of how nutritional exposures can affect fetal gene expression and subsequent disease risk, other diet-induced tissue compositional changes may also contribute directly to altered immune and metabolic function, e.g. through diet-induced changes in the microbiome. A better understanding of nutritional programming of immune health, nutritional epigenetics and the biological processes sensitive to nutritional exposure in early life may lead to dietary strategies that provide more optimal conditions during early programming, and reduce the burden of many metabolic and inflammatory diseases.
While there is little doubt that changing dietary patterns are at the core of this modern NCD-driven health crisis, the importance of addressing this intervention in early life is still often underestimated. However, the increasing burden of childhood disease underscores that without early intervention there is very little hope of averting current trends. These concepts are supported by growing evidence that a 'life course' approach from the first moments of life will be more effective in reducing the long-term disease burden. With this philosophy, there is an increased focus on the next generation of parents and promotion of their health before conception. These efforts must be firmly grounded through promoting a far greater public awareness of the long-term implications of dietary choices in pregnancy, lactation and infancy. Advocacy for early-life nutrition needs to be matched with sound evidence and consistent advice for healthcare professionals, parents and the wider community. At the moment, there is still inconsistency around even basic advice such as the optimal timing of introducing complimentary foods to infants. This needs to be addressed relatively urgently. As we understand more about gene-environment interactions, it is also increasingly likely that we may need to tailor this advice according to the genetic background and environmental context.
The first two sections of this workshop consider preventive aspects of early nutrition in relation to the development of allergy and obesity, including the role of the microbiome, the use of food and nutritional strategies to induce tolerance and reduce the risk of obesity, and genetic and epigenetic aspects of metabolic programming. In the third section of the