The Ghrelin System

Description

The ghrelin story started more than 30 years ago with the discovery of synthetic GH secretagogues. Only in 1999 was ghrelin‚ a natural GH-releasing peptide, discovered. Ghrelin, however, is much more than simply a natural GH secretagogue. In fact, this hormone is one of the most important factors known for regulating appetite and energy expenditure. Furthermore, ghrelin is the trigger for other neuroendocrine, metabolic and nonendocrine actions.This book, written by researchers who provided the major contributions to our current knowledge of this complex system, gives a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in ghrelin research. The hormone's influence on the cardiovascular, metabolic and gastroenteropancreatic system, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, prolactin secretion, thyroid axis, gonadal axis as well as on behavior is discussed in detail. Furthermore, the clinical perspectives for ghrelin-derived therapeutic products are presented.Illustrating the tight inter-relationship between endocrinology, metabolism, cardiovascular disease and internal medicine, this book is essential reading for all scientists interested in appetite control, body weight and energy expenditure, as well as diabetes mellitus and neuroendocrinology.

Informations

• Publié par: S. Karger AG
• Date de parution: 22 avril 2013
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9783805599092
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

The Ghrelin System
Endocrine Development
Vol. 25
Series Editor
P.-E. Mullis Bern
The Ghrelin System

Volume Editors
A. Benso Turin
F.F. Casanueva Santiago de Compostela
E. Ghigo Turin
R. Granata Turin
16 figures, 2 in color, and 4 tables, 2013
Endocrine Development
Founded 1999 by Martin O. Savage, London
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Andrea Benso Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism Department of Medical Sciences University of Turin Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital Turin, Italy
Felipe F. Casanueva Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular n° 2, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela, Planta-2. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Ezio Ghigo Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism Department of Medical Sciences University of Turin Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital Turin, Italy
Riccarda Granata Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism Department of Medical Sciences University of Turin Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital Turin, Italy
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The ghrelin system/volume editors, A. Benso ... [et al.].
p.; cm.-- (Endocrine development, ISSN 1421-7082 ; v. 25)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 978-3-8055-9908-5 (hard cover: alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-3-8055-9909-2 (e-ISBN)
I. Benso, Andrea. II. Series: Endocrine development; v. 25. 1421-7082
[DNLM: 1. Ghrelin--physiology. 2. Ghrelin--therapeutic use. W1 EN3635 v.25 2013 /WK 185] RM286 615.3'6--dc23
2013009732
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents ® .
Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© Copyright 2013 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH-4009 Basel (Switzerland)
www.karger.com
Printed in Germany on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 97069) by Kraft Druck GmbH, Ettlingen
ISSN 1421-7082
e-ISSN 1662-2979
ISBN 978-3-8055-9908-5
e-ISBN 978-3-8055-9909-2
Contents
Preface
Benso, A. (Turin); Casanueva, F.F. (Santiago de Compostela); Ghigo, E.; Granata, R. (Turin)
Ghrelin Discovery: A Decade After
Kojima, M. (Kurume); Kangawa, K. (Osaka)
The Ghrelin Receptors (GHS-R1a and GHS-R1b)
Albarrán-Zeckler, R.G.; Smith, R.G. (Jupiter, Fla.)
Discovery of Ghrelin O-Acyltransferase
Mohan, H.; Unniappan, S. (Saskatoon, SAS)
Genetics of the Ghrelin System
Gueorguiev, M.; Korbonits, M. (London)
Ghrelin and the Gut
Peeters, T.L. (Leuven)
Ghrelin as a GH-Releasing Factor
Carreira, M.C.; Crujeiras, A.B. (Santiago de Compostela); Andrade, S. (Santiago de Compostela/Porto); Monteiro, M.P.; Casanueva, F.F. (Santiago de Compostela)
Other than Growth Hormone Neuroendocrine Actions of Ghrelin
Benso, A.; Calvi, E.; Gramaglia, E.; Olivetti, I.;Tomelini, M.; Ghigo, E.; Broglio, F. (Turin)
Ghrelin, the Gonadal Axis and the Onset of Puberty
Tena-Sempere, M. (Córdoba)
Ghrelin and the Cardiovascular System
Isgaard, J. (Gothenburg)
Ghrelin - A Key Pleiotropic Hormone-Regulating Systemic Energy Metabolism
Müller, T.D.;Tschöp, M.H. (Munich)
Ghrelin, Reward and Motivation
Menzies, J.R.W. (Edinburgh); Skibicka, K.P. (Gothenburg); Leng, G. (Edinburgh); Dickson, S.L. (Gothenburg)
Des-Acyl Ghrelin: A Metabolically Active Peptide
Delhanty, P.J.; Neggers, S.J.; van der Lely, A.J. (Rotterdam)
Ghrelin and Tumors
Papotti, M.; Duregon, E.;Volante, M. (Orbassano, Turin)
Ghrelin Function in Insulin Release and Glucose Metabolism
Dezaki, K. (Shimotsuke)
Products of the Ghrelin Gene, the Pancreatic β -Cell and the Adipocyte
Granata, R.; Ghigo, E. (Turin)
Clinical Perspectives for Ghrelin-Derived Therapeutic Products
Allas, S.;Abribat, T. (Ecully)
Author Index
Subject Index
Preface
It is our pleasure to welcome the reader to this book dedicated to ghrelin, a gastric hormone discovered in 1999 as the natural GH secretagogue that binds and activates the GHS receptor due to its particular mode of octanoylation in Ser3.
The ghrelin story is a story of reverse pharmacology which started more than 30 years ago with the discovery of synthetic non-natural growth hormone-releasing peptides. The following milestones of the story were the discovery of nonpeptidyl GHS and that of the GHS receptor. Following ghrelin's discovery, another major milestone has been the discovery of the specific acyltransferase (GOAT) able to acylate the peptide.
For many years, the ghrelin story was closely related to the regulation of GH secretion. We soon learnt that its action was not at all specific either from the endocrine or from the nonendocrine point of view. In the last decade, ghrelin became more famous as an orexigenic agent playing a major role in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. Research in this field has really provided new understanding in both neuroscience and metabolism. The last 10 years has also made it clear that ghrelin is much more than just a natural orexigenic factor. Besides other important central activities, it is now clear that ghrelin exerts major peripheral endocrine and nonendocrine actions. In particular, there is increasing evidence showing that ghrelin plays a key role in glucose metabolism and that it could have many clinical implications.
Final understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of ghrelin is still awaited. However, a key concept we have already learnt is that ghrelin is an active peptide exerting remarkable metabolic actions even when it is not acylated. This implies a profound revision of the former vision as well as seeking out new perspectives for research and potential clinical indications.
Considering that this hormone is considered to play a relevant central role and that its peripheral actions include influence on behavior, hypothalamus-pituitary function, activity and secretion of peripheral endocrine glands, metabolic balance, gastroenteropancreatic function, cardiovascular function, and normal and neoplastic cell proliferation, it is now clear that the discovery of ghrelin was not just a milestone in neuroendocrinology but probably in medicine too.
We are indebted to all of the authors who contributed chapters for this book. Herein, you can find works by almost all of the scientists who have provided major contributions to this fascinating field.
It is our hope that this book will give readers an exhaustive picture of the present knowledge in the field of ghrelin research.
Given the impressive speed in the growing body of information and discoveries, it is clear that this book will soon be obsolete but nevertheless remain a good basis for a better understanding of the novelties awaiting us in the near future.
Andrea Benso , Turin Felipe F. Casanueva , Santiago de Compostela Ezio Ghigo , Turin Riccarda Granata , Turin
Benso A, Casanueva FF, Ghigo E, Granata A (eds): The Ghrelin System. Endocr Dev. Basel, Karger, 2013, vol 25, pp 1-4 (DOI: 10.1159/000346036)
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Ghrelin Discovery: A Decade After
Masayasu Kojima a Kenji Kangawa b
a Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, and b National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Since its discovery 12 years ago, intensive research has been performed on ghrelin. The significance of ghrelin as a growth hormone-releasing hormone, appetite regulator, energy conservator and sympathetic nerve suppressor has now been well established. In this short essay, we summarize the history of the discovery of ghrelin.
Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel
Beginning
Everything has a beginning and an end. Sometimes a research ends with good results and sometimes it ends up as a failure. In the case of our ghrelin research, it ended with good results. If on