Alliance, disavowal and dissimulation Interpretation of the Koranic verses 3:28-29 through the centuries

Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh

Description

In the present study, we present the position of Muslim scholars on verses 28 and 29 of the third chapter of the Koran, wich say : The believers should not take the disbelievers for allies besides the believers. Whoever does that is not from [the allies] of God, unless you fear them. God warns you [of his punishment]. To God is the destination, Say "Whether you hide what is in your chests, or you show it, God knows it. He knows what is in the heavens and in the earth. God is powerful over everything". These two verses establish the general rule of mistrust towards non-Muslims, forbidding Muslims to take them as allies unless they fear them. And in this case they can resort to dissimulation, wich consists in saying, even doing something without internally adhering to it, until the situation changes in favour of the Muslims. This rule of mistrust is doubled by discrimination against non-Muslims.

Sujets

• Interpretation
• Religion

Informations

• Publié par: Sami Aldeeb
• Date de parution: 14 février 2017
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781543100389
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍﻭ ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ
Centre de droit arabe et musulman
Zentrum für arabisches und islamisches Recht
Centro di diritto arabo e musulmano
Centre of Arab and Islamic Law


ﺔﻴﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ءﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍﻭ ءﻻﻮﻟﺍ
Alliance, disavowal and dissimulation
Interpretation of the Koranic verses 3:28-29 through the
centuries

Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh






















This book can be purchased from
www.amazon.com
2017

1
The Centre of Arab and Islamic Law
Created in May 2009, it provides legal consultations, conferences, translations and
conducts researches. It also offers courses in Arab and Islamic Law and in the
relation between Muslims and the West. In addition, the centre provides research
assistance to students and researchers and also allows for the free downloading of
documents from the website www.sami-aldeeb.com.

Author: Sami Awad ALDEEB ABU-SAHLIEH
Christian of Palestinian origin. Swiss citizen. Graduate and Doctor in law (Fribourg).
Graduate in political sciences (Geneva). Habilitated to direct researches (HDR,
Bordeaux 3). Professor of universities (CNU-France). Responsible for Arab and Islamic
Law at the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law (1980-2009). Visiting professor in
different French, Italian and Swiss universities. Director of the Centre of Arab and
Islamic Law. Author of many books. Translated the Koran into French, English and
Italian and proposed an annotated Arabic edition. See his website:
www.samialdeeb.com.

Editions
Centre of Arab and Islamic Law
Ochettaz 17
CH-1025 St-Sulpice
Tel: 0041 [0]21 6916585
Mobile: 0041 [0]78 9246196
Website: www.sami-aldeeb.com
Email: [e-mail]
© All rights reserved

This book is available in French at Amazon:
Alliance, désaveu et dissimulation: Interprétation des versets coraniques 3:28-29 à
travers les siècles.
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Table of contents
Introduction 5
Part I. Presentation of the verses 3:28-29 7
1. Translation 7
3. Interpretation on the basis of the Koran and the Sunnah 11
4. The sayings of Muhammad related to the verses H-89/3:28-29 12
5. The Koranic verses related to the verses H-89/3:28-29 14
6. Meaning of the verses H-89/3:28-29 22
7. Alliance and disavowal (al-wala' wal-bara') in Islamic law 23
8. Antagonism with the constitutional and international norms 27
Part II. Exegesis in chronological order 29
Appendix: Dissimulation (taqiyyah) at the Shiites and the Druze 215
I. Definition of the dissimulation and the sources of Islamic Law 215
II. The individual dissimulation of faith in the Jaafarite Shiites 216
1) Religion of the Jaafarite Shiites 216
2) Conflict between Sunnis and Shiites around dissimulation 218
3) Dissimulation in the laws revealed before Muhammad 219
4) Dissimulation in the Koran and in the Sunnah of Muhammad 221
A) Dissimulation in the Koran 221
B) The dissimulation in the Sunnah of Muhammad 222
C) Dissimulation in the Sunnah of the Shiite imams 223
5) Dissimulation at the Sunnis 224
6) Conditions to resort to dissimulation 225
7) Means to dissimulation 226
8) Qualification of dissimulation 227
A) Where dissimulation is mandatory 228
B) Where dissimulation is recommended 228
C) Cases where dissimulation is permitted 228
D) Cases where dissimulation is prohibited 228
E) Cases where dissimulation is repugnant 230
9) Importance of dissimulation 230
10) Dissimulation and endurance for the propagation of the faith 230
III. Dissimulation in the doctrine at esoteric groups 231
1) Ability to understand 231
2) Esoteric groups 232
3) Dissimulation in the doctrine of the Druze 233
A) Religion of the Druze 233
B) Dissimulation 235
C) Challenging dissimulation 239

3
Introduction
In a first book, entitled «The Fatiha and the Culture of Hate», we presented the
inthterpretation given to the 7 verse of the first chapter of the Koran throughout the
centuries. Or to be more precise, we have reported and translated literally or
summarily the texts of ancient and contemporary exegeses which enable us to understand
who are «Those who are angered upon» and «Those who are misguided». in the
following passage:
Guide us to the straight path. The path of those whom you have favoured, not
[those] who are angered upon, nor [those] who are misguided.
In a second book, entitled «No constraint in religion», we followed the same method
to present the interpretation given to the verse 256 of the second chapter of the
Koran, which reads as follows:
No compulsion in the religion. The righteousness has been made clear from
the error. Whoever disbelieves in the idols and believes in God, has grasped
the most trustworthy hand-hold that never breaks. God is hearer, knower.
In the present study, we will follow the same method to study the verses 28 and 29
of the third chapter of the Koran, which read as follows:
The believers should not take the disbelievers for allies besides the believers.
Whoever does that is not from [the allies] of God, unless you fear them. God
warns you [of his punishment]. To God is the destination.
Say: «Whether you hide what is in your chests, or you show it, God knows it.
He knows what is in the heavens and in the earth. God is powerful over
everything».
These two verses establish the general rule of mistrust towards non-Muslims,
forbidding Muslims to take them as allies unless they fear them. And in this case they
can resort to dissimulation, which consists in saying, even doing something without
internally adhering to it, until the situation changes in favour of the Muslims. This
rule of mistrust is doubled by discrimination against non-Muslims. This attitude is
the normal consequence of the Koranic perception of the Jews and Christians
considered by the first chapter of the Koran respectively «those who are angered upon»
and «those who are misguided», according to the overwhelming majority of the
exegetes who also invoke many Koranic verses and narratives of Muhammad to
support their interpretation. It is also in line with the verse 2:256 «No compulsion in the
religion» which permits the outward tolerance of Jews, Christians, Sabaeans and
Zoroastrians, in the hope of seeing them convert to Islam, if they accept in the meantime
to pay tribute and submit to discriminatory norms. Otherwise they are killed or
expelled from their lands. As for the polytheists, this verse gives them only the choice
5
between conversion to Islam or the sword. And all this is actually happening in Iraq,
in our time, with Christians and Yezidis.
These teachings of Islam prevent any possibility of cohabitation on an equal footing
between Muslims and non-Muslims, motivate the crimes committed today by Daesh,
and justify discriminatory laws against non-Muslim minorities. They are clearly in
flagrant contradiction with the norms of human rights as established by international
law, which prohibit discrimination based on religion.
In this book we will show, as in the two preceding ones, what the Muslim exegetes
say about the verses H-89/3:28-29. It is divided into two parts. The first part is
devoted to the study of the verses H-89/3:28-29, and the second part presents the
exegeses in chronological order. It also contains an appendix devoted to a more thorough
analysis of dissimulation.
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