Butterflies of Indiana

Jeffrey E. Belth

Description

Winner, 2013 National Outdoor Book Awards, Nature Guidebooks category

Discover the butterflies of Indiana in this award-winning, simple to use field-guide

Butterflies of Indiana is a unique and award-winning field guide to Indiana's rich butterfly fauna that covers all 149 species of butterflies and their close relatives, the skippers. It features over 500 color photographs that illustrate the undersides and uppersides of most species and highlight the variations found among them, both seasonally and between males and females.

For beginners and experts alike, Butterflies of Indiana offers an introduction to the natural history of butterflies. The simple and intuitive design of this guide and its wealth of features make it a faithful companion for butterfly watchers, collectors, gardeners, birders, and naturalists.

Sujets

• Special Interest
• Sciences et techniques
• Interest group (disambiguation)
• Region
• Regional
• Animals
• Nature
• Indiana

Informations

• Publié par: Indiana University Press
• Date de parution: 19 décembre 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780253009630
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 19 Mo

Extrait

Is it a Butterfly, a Skipper …

…or a Moth?

Quick Key: Butterflies



Quick Key: Skippers

Quick Key: Grass Skippers (wings closed)

Quick Key: Grass Skippers (wings open)
B UTTERFLIES of I NDIANA
—A Field Guide —
J EFFREY E. B ELTH
I NDIANA U NIVERSITY P RESS
Bloomington and Indianapolis
This book is a publication of
Indiana University Press Office of Scholarly Publishing Herman B Wells Library 350 1320 East 10th Street Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
iupress.indiana.edu
© 2013 Jeffrey E. Belth
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses' Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Services—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Manufactured in China
Belth, Jeffrey E.
Butterflies of Indiana : a field guide / Jeffrey E. Belth.
p. cm. — (Indiana natural science)
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN: 978-0-253-00955-5 (pbk.) — ISBN 978-0-253-00963-0 (eb)
1. Butterflies—Indiana—Classification. 2. Moths—Indiana—Identification. 3. Butterflies—identification.
QL551.I6 B45 2013
2012554923
2  3  4  5  6      21  20  19  18  17  16
for Sandy
Contents
Quick Key
The Plates
Swallowtails
Whites and Sulphurs
Gossamer-wings and Metalmarks
Brushfoots
Spread-wing Skippers
Grass Skippers
Moths
Immature Stages
Larval Hosts and Nectar Sources
The Basics
Introduction
Why Butterflies?
What are Butterflies and Skippers?
Families of Butterflies and Skippers
Body Parts of Butterflies and Skippers
How to Identify Butterflies and Skippers
The First Question
The Second Question
Additional Questions
Using the Quick Key Boxes
Using the Plates: Butterflies and Skippers
The Species Descriptions
Using the Plates: Moths, Immature Stages, and Larval Hosts and Nectar Sources
Beyond the Basics
Indiana and Its Butterflies
Overview
The Geologic Foundation
Natural Regions
Natural Communities
Where, When, and How to Look for Butterflies
Where to Look
When to Look
How to Look
The Life of a Butterfly
The First Three Stages
The Final Stage: The Adult
Wing Patterns
Butterfly Behavior
Daily Activities
Seasonal Activities
Activities with Butterflies
Watching Butterflies
Collecting Butterflies
Photographing Butterflies
Keeping Records
Butterfly Conservation
How We Reduce Butterfly Populations
The Importance of Butterflies
Improving Habitat for Butterflies
What You Can Do in Your Yard
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Appendixes
Appendix A: Checklist of Indiana Butterflies and Skippers
Appendix B: Organizations of Interest to Butterfly Watchers
Appendix C: The Lepidopterists' Society Statement on Collecting
Appendix D: Photograph Data
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
Quick Index

The Plates
 
 
Swallowtails
Whites and Sulphurs
Gossamer-wings and Metalmarks
Brushfoots
Spread-wing Skippers
Grass Skippers
Moths
Immature Stages
Larval Hosts and Nectar Sources
Swallowtails
Eastern Tiger Swallowtail ( Papilio glaucus glaucus )

Identification:
1 Male yellow with black stripes
2 Female similar, but more extensive blue on hindwing
3 Forewing with row of yellow spots
4 Underside pale yellow with dark stripes (sexes similar)
Habitat: Woodlands, fields, yards, gardens
Larval hosts: Tulip Poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera ) [159], Black Cherry ( Prunus serotina ) [163], and many other trees
Notes: Common. Females occur in two color forms. Yellow form “turnus” is more common in northern Indiana than dark form “glaucus” [7,9].
Appalachian Tiger Swallowtail ( Papilio appalachiensis )
Identification:
1 Males striped similar to Eastern Tiger Swallowtail, but wings much larger
2 Females similar but with more blue (but less blue than female Eastern Tiger)
3 Hindwing longer and more angular than Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
4 Forewing underside yellow spots merge to form a continuous band
5 Hindwing spots rectangular, less crescent-shaped than Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
6 Hindwing scallops angular, l ess curved than Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
Habitat: Woodlands and woodland openings
Larval hosts: Black Cherry ( Prunus serotina ) [163], and possibly other trees
Notes: A recently described species from the southern Appalachians (Pavulaan and Wright 2002, 2004) that may occur in southern Indiana. Eastern Tigers have several flights per year, including one in spring, from April to early May. Appalachian Tigers have only one, emerging in mid to late May as the first flight of Eastern Tigers disappears. Although the heart of the Appalachian Tigers' range is in the Appalachians, recent sightings suggest its range may be similar to Dusky Azure [25], an Appalachian species which occurs in Indiana. I have seen swallowtails with some of the above traits in Perry County, but whether a population of Appalachian Tigers exists there or if they are variants of Eastern Tiger needs further study. Emergence times and pattern variations within a swallowtail population must be known before identifying Appalachian Tigers. As with Eastern Tiger, there is a dark form female [7,9].
Zebra Swallowtail ( Eurytides marcellus )

Identification:
1 White with black stripes
2 Hindwing with red spots (size of spots varies by season)
3 Tails long (length of tail and amount of white on tail varies by season)
Habitat: Woodlands, woodland edges
Larval hosts: Pawpaw ( Asimina triloba ) [159]
Notes: Adults appear in three forms, marked by slight differences in size, pattern, and flight time. Form “marcellus” appears in early spring and has short tails and large red spots on the upperside of the hindwings. Form “telamonides” appears in late spring and has slightly longer tails and less red. These two spring forms emerge from hibernating chrysalises. The summer form “lecontei” flies from June through August, and has even longer tails and less red. Individuals of this form are offspring of the first two forms. Some chrysalises from each generation hibernate until the following spring (Edwards [1872]).

Black Swallowtail ( Papilio polyxenes asterius )

Identification, upperside: (underside, see page 9)
1 Black, with two rows of yellow spots
2 Female similar to male but with smaller yellow spots
3 Female similar to male but with more blue on hindwing
4 Underside orange band not broken by blue (see also page 9)
Habitat: Old fields, roadsides, gardens
Larval hosts: Queen Anne's Lace ( Daucus carota ) [153], Parsnip ( Pastinaca sativa ), and other carrots (Apiaceae)
Notes: Females (and the underside of males) mimic the Pipevine Swallowtail (Poulton 1909; Codella and Lederhouse 1989). Often found in gardens, where the larvae eat parsley, fennel, dill, and other carrots. Many plants in the carrot family (Apiaceae) possess toxic compounds which inhibit growth and are lethal to most larvae and some mammals. Black Swallowtail larvae, however, possess enzymes which negate the effects of these compounds. In fact, larvae grow larger and faster on carrots with higher levels of the toxic compounds (Berenbaum 1981). It is not known if these toxins are stored in the larvae and adults as they are in Pipevine Swallowtails, but it is known that larvae are distasteful to birds (Berenbaum 1990). The striped pattern of the older larvae include black and orange, two colors often displayed by poisonous insects.
Giant Swallowtail ( Papilio cresphontes )

Identification:
Our largest swallowtail
1 Upperside brown , with two rows of yellow spots
2 Underside yellow, without black stripes
Habitat: Woodlands, fields, stream sides, gardens
Larval hosts: Prickly Ash ( Zanthoxylum americanum ) [163] and Hop Tree ( Ptelea trifoliata )
Notes: A spectacular, but uncommon, species. The larvae feed on plants in the Rue family (Rutaceae), such as oranges ( Citrus ). In the southern states, where this species is far more common, the larvae can be minor pests in orange groves. In addition to Prickly Ash and Hop Tree, two native trees in the Rutaceae, larvae can also be found on Common Rue ( Ruta graveolens ), a European garden herb. Rue can be grown in our gardens, and can also occasionally be found in waste places and along roadsides where it has escaped from cultivation.

Spicebush Swallowtail ( Papilio troilus troilus )

Identification:
1 Hindwing of male with pale green patch
2 Hindwing of male with pale green spots on margin
3 H