Taxonomy and Systematics of the Genus Macromitrium (Orthotrichaceae, Moss) in the World, livre ebook

Mosses are special and ancient terrestrial plants. Due to their small size and limited taxonomic traits, many moss taxa are still taxonomically problematic. Macromitrium Brid. (Orthotrichaceae, Bryopsida), the third largest moss genus with almost a thousand species names, is a representative genus of taxonomically challenging taxa. The genus is most species-rich around the Pacific Ocean with a typical pan-tropical distribution. The present monograph is basically a type specimen-based systematic summary, mainly based on our taxonomical revisions on the genus in the past 20 years, partially on regional revisions of other bryologists. The book provides detailed and comprehensive information on 271 confirmed species, most with illustrations and some with color photos. This book brings together the latest findings of the genus Macromitrium and valuable reference for professionals and amateurs.

CHAPTER 1 Introduction ..................................... 1

CHAPTER 2 Taxonomic History .......................... 3

2.1 Circumscription of the genus .... 3

2.2 Preliminary taxonomic history .. 3

2.3 Division and systematics of the genus.............. 9

CHAPTER 3 Material and Methods .................... 13

3.1 Specimen examination ............ 13

3.2 Phylogenetic analysis .............. 13

3.2.1 Molecular protocols ...... 13

3.2.2 Phylogenetic tree construction .................................................. 14

3.3 Data analysis about geographical distribution ...................................... 14

CHAPTER 4 Taxonomy ...................................... 17

4.1 Morphological notes ................ 17

4.2 Key to recognized species ....... 48

4.3 Descriptions of recognized species ...................................................... 65

1. Macromitrium acuminatum (Reinw. & Hornsch.) Müll. Hal. ........ 65

2. Macromitrium acutirameum Mitt. .................................................. 65

3. Macromitrium amaniense P. de la Varde ........................................ 65

4. Macromitrium amboroicum Herzog ............................................... 69

5. Macromitrium angulatum Mitt. ...................................................... 69

6. Macromitrium angulosum Thwaites & Mitt. .................................. 69

7. Macromitrium angustifolium Dozy & Molk. ................................. 70

8. Macromitrium antarcticum C.H. Wright ........................................ 70

9. Macromitrium archboldii E.B. Bartram ......................................... 76

10. Macromitrium archeri Mitt. ......................................................... 76

11. Macromitrium argutum Hampe .................................................... 78

12. Macromitrium atratum Herzog .................................................... 80

13. Macromitrium atroviride R.S. Williams ....................................... 80

14. Macromitrium attenuatum Hampe ............................................... 80

15. Macromitrium aurantiacum Paris & Broth. ................................. 84

16. Macromitrium aurescens Hampe ................................................. 84

17. Macromitrium aureum Müll. Hal. ................................................ 85

18. Macromitrium austrocirrosum E.B. Bartram ............................... 85

19. Macromitrium bifasciculare Müll. Hal ex Dusén ........................ 88

20. Macromitrium bifasciculatum Müll. Hal. ..................................... 88

21. Macromitrium binsteadii Dixon ................................................... 93

22. Macromitrium bistratosum E. B. Bartram .................................... 93

23. Macromitrium blumei Nees ex Schwägr. ..................................... 93

24. Macromitrium brachypodium Müll. Hal. ..................................... 94

25. Macromitrium brevicaule (Besch.) Broth. ................................... 98

26. Macromitrium brevihamatum Herzog .......................................... 98

27. Macromitrium brevisetum Mitt. ................................................. 101

28. Macromitrium caldense Ångström ............................................. 101

29. Macromitrium caloblastoides Müll. Hal. ................................... 101

30. Macromitrium calocalyx Müll. Hal. ........................................... 102

31. Macromitrium calomicron Broth. ............................................... 102

32. Macromitrium calymperoideum Mitt. ........................................ 108

33. Macromitrium campoanum Thér. ............................................... 108

34. Macromitrium cardotii Thér. ...................................................... 108

35. Macromitrium cataractarum Müll. Hal. .................................... 112

36. Macromitrium catharinense Paris .............................................. 112

37. Macromitrium chloromitrium (Besch.) Wilbraham .................... 113

38. Macromitrium cirrosum (Hedw.) Brid. ...................................... 113

39. Macromitrium clastophyllum Cardot ......................................... 114

40. Macromitrium comatum Mitt. .................................................... 119

41. Macromitrium concinnum Mitt. ex Bosch & Sande Lac. ........... 119

42. Macromitrium constrictum Hampe & Lorentz ........................... 119

43. Macromitrium crassirameum Müll. Hal. .................................... 123

44. Macromitrium crassiusculum Lorentz ....................................... 123

45. Macromitrium crinale Broth. & Geh. ......................................... 123

46. Macromitrium crispatulum Mitt. ................................................ 124

47. Macromitrium crosbyorum B.H. Allen & Vitt ............................ 124

48. Macromitrium cuspidatum Hampe ............................................. 130

49. Macromitrium cylindricum Mitt. ................................................ 130

50. Macromitrium densum Mitt. ....................................................... 130

51. Macromitrium diaphanum Müll. Hal. ........................................ 131

52. Macromitrium dielsii Broth. ex Vitt & H. P. Ramsay ................. 136

53. Macromitrium divaricatum Mitt. ................................................ 136

54. Macromitrium diversifolium Broth. ............................................ 136

55. Macromitrium dubium Schimp. ex Müll. Hal. ........................... 139

56. Macromitrium dusenii Müll.Hal. ex Broth. ................................ 139

57. Macromitrium echinatum B.H. Allen ......................................... 139

58. Macromitrium ecrispatum Dixon ............................................... 143

59. Macromitrium eddyi B.C. Tan & Shevock ................................. 143

60. Macromitrium ellipticum Hampe ............................................... 143

61. Macromitrium emersulum Müll. Hal. ......................................... 146

62. Macromitrium erubescens E.B. Bartram .................................... 146

63. Macromitrium erythrocomum H.P. Ramsay, A. Cairns & Meagher............ 146

64. Macromitrium evrardii Thér. ...................................................... 147

65. Macromitrium exsertum Broth. .................................................. 147

66. Macromitrium falcatulum Müll. Hal. ......................................... 150

67. Macromitrium fendleri Müll. Hal. .............................................. 150

68. Macromitrium fernandezianum Broth. ....................................... 150

69. Macromitrium ferriei Cardot & Thér. ........................................ 154

70. Macromitrium fimbriatum (P. Beauv.) Schwägr. ........................ 154

71. Macromitrium flavopilosum R.S. Williams ................................ 155

72. Macromitrium flexuosum Mitt. ................................................... 155

73. Macromitrium formosae Cardot ................................................. 160

74. Macromitrium fortunatii Cardot & Thér. ................................... 160

75. Macromitrium fragilicuspis Cardot ............................................ 160

76. Macromitrium francii Thér. ........................................................ 161

77. Macromitrium frondosum Mitt. .................................................. 161

78. Macromitrium frustratum B.H. Allen ......................................... 167

79. Macromitrium fulgescens E.B. Bartram ..................................... 167

80. Macromitrium fulvum Mitt. ........................................................ 167

81. Macromitrium funicaule Schimp. ex Besch. .............................. 171

82. Macromitrium funiforme Dixon ................................................. 171

83. Macromitrium fuscescens Schwägr. ........................................... 171

84. Macromitrium fuscoaureum E.B. Bartram ................................. 172

85. Macromitrium galipense Müll. Hal. ........................................... 176

86. Macromitrium gigasporum Herzog ............................................ 176

87. Macromitrium giraldii Müll. Hal. .............................................. 176

88. Macromitrium glabratum Broth. ................................................ 178

89. Macromitrium glaziovii Hampe ................................................. 178

90. Macromitrium gracile (Hook.) Schwägr. ................................... 184

91. Macromitrium greenmanii Grout ............................................... 184

92. Macromitrium grossirete Müll. Hal. .......................................... 184

93. Macromitrium guatemalense Müll. Hal. .................................... 185

94. Macromitrium gymnostomum Sull. & Lesq. .............................. 186

95. Macromitrium hainanense S.L. Guo & S. He ............................ 191

96. Macromitrium harrisii Paris ....................................................... 191

97. Macromitrium helmsii Paris ....................................................... 191

98. Macromitrium hemitrichodes Schwägr. ..................................... 194

99. Macromitrium herzogii Broth. .................................................... 195

100. Macromitrium hildebrandtii Müll. Hal. ................................... 195

101. Macromitrium holomitrioides Nog. .......................................... 199

102. Macromitrium hortoniae Vitt & H. P. Ramsay ......................... 199

103. Macromitrium huigrense R.S. Williams ................................... 201

104. Macromitrium humboldtense Thouvenot & Frank Müll. ......... 203

105. Macromitrium incurvifolium (Hook. & Grev.) Schwägr. ......... 203

106. Macromitrium involutifolium (Hook. & Grev.) Schwägr. ........ 204

107. Macromitrium japonicum Dozy & Molk. ................................ 205

108. Macromitrium krausei Lorentz ................................................. 206

109. Macromitrium laevigatum Thér. ............................................... 210

110. Macromitrium laevisetum Mitt. ................................................ 210

111. Macromitrium lanceolatum Broth. ........................................... 210

112. Macromitrium laosianum Paris & Broth. ................................. 213

113. Macromitrium larrainii Thouvenot & K.T. Yong ..................... 214

114. Macromitrium lauterbachii Broth. ex Fleisch. ......................... 215

115. Macromitrium lebomboense van Rooy ..................................... 215

116. Macromitrium leprieurii Mont. ................................................ 215

117. Macromitrium leratii Broth. & Paris ........................................ 216

118. Macromitrium ligulaefolium Broth. ......................................... 221

119. Macromitrium ligulare Mitt. .................................................... 221

120. Macromitrium lomasense H. Rob. ............................................ 224

121. Macromitrium longicaule Müll. Hal. ....................................... 224

122. Macromitrium longifolium (Hook.) Brid. ................................. 225

123. Macromitrium longipapillosum D.D. Li, J. Yu, T. Cao & S.L. Guo......... 227

124. Macromitrium longipes (Hook.) Schwägr. ............................... 228

125. Macromitrium longipilum A. Braun ex Müll. Hal. ................... 228

126. Macromitrium longirostre (Hook.) Schwägr. ........................... 231

127. Macromitrium lorifolium Paris & Broth. .................................. 231

128. Macromitrium macrocomoides Müll. Hal. ............................... 232

129. Macromitrium macrosporum Broth. ......................................... 235

130. Macromitrium macrothele Müll. Hal. ...................................... 235

131. Macromitrium maolanense Ze Y. Zhang, D.D. Li, J. Yu & S.L. Guo........ 236

132. Macromitrium masafuerae Broth. ............................................ 236

133. Macromitrium mcphersonii B.H. Allen .................................... 236

134. Macromitrium megalocladon M. Fleisch. ................................ 237

135. Macromitrium melinii Roiv. ..................................................... 237

136. Macromitrium menziesii Müll. Hal. ......................................... 244

137. Macromitrium microcarpum Müll. Hal. ................................... 244

138. Macromitrium microstomum (Hook. & Grev.) Schwägr. ......... 244

139. Macromitrium minutum Mitt. ................................................... 246

140. Macromitrium mittenianum Steere ........................................... 251

141. Macromitrium moorcroftii (Hook. & Grev.) Schwägr. ............. 251

142. Macromitrium mosenii Broth. .................................................. 251

143. Macromitrium nanothecium Müll. Hal. ex Cardot ................... 252

144. Macromitrium nematosum E.B. Bartram ................................. 252

145. Macromitrium nepalense (Hook. & Grev.) Schwägr. ............... 258

146. Macromitrium nigricans Mitt. .................................................. 258

147. Macromitrium noguchianum W. Schultze-Motel ..................... 261

148. Macromitrium norrisianum Vitt ............................................... 261

149. Macromitrium nubigenum Herzog ........................................... 261

150. Macromitrium oblongum (Taylor) Spruce ................................ 262

151. Macromitrium ochraceoides Dixon ......................................... 262

152. Macromitrium ochraceum (Dozy & Molk.) Müll. Hal. ........... 266

153. Macromitrium onraedtii Bizot ................................................. 266

154. Macromitrium orthophyllum Mitt. ........................................... 266

155. Macromitrium orthostichum Nees ex Schwägr. ....................... 267

156. Macromitrium osculatianum De Notaris .................................. 268

157. Macromitrium ousiense Broth. & Paris .................................... 268

158. Macromitrium ovale Mitt. ........................................................ 269

159. Macromitrium pallidum (P. Beauv.) Wijk & Margad. .............. 269

160. Macromitrium panduraefolium Thouvenot .............................. 277

161. Macromitrium paridis Besch. ................................................... 277

162. Macromitrium parvifolium Dixon ............................................ 277

163. Macromitrium parvirete E.B. Bartram ..................................... 278

164. Macromitrium pellucidum Mitt. ............................................... 278

165. Macromitrium peraristatum Broth. .......................................... 282

166. Macromitrium perdensifolium Dixon ....................................... 282

167. Macromitrium perfragile E. B. Bartram ................................... 282

168. Macromitrium perichaetiale (Hook. & Grev.) Müll. Hal. ........ 283

169. Macromitrium perpusillum Müll. Hal. ..................................... 283

170. Macromitrium perreflexum Steere ............................................ 288

171. Macromitrium pertriste Müll. Hal. ........................................... 288

172. Macromitrium petelotii Tixier .................................................. 288

173. Macromitrium picobonitum B.H. Allen .................................... 289

174. Macromitrium pilicalyx Dixon ex E. B. Bartram ..................... 289

175. Macromitrium piliferum Schwägr. ........................................... 289

176. Macromitrium pilosum Thér. .................................................... 290

177. Macromitrium proliferum Mitt. ................................................ 290

178. Macromitrium prolongatum Mitt. ............................................ 299

179. Macromitrium prorepens (Hook.) Schwägr. ............................ 299

180. Macromitrium proximum Thér. ................................................ 301

181. Macromitrium pseudofimbriatum Hampe ................................ 301

182. Macromitrium pseudoserrulatum E.B. Bartram ....................... 303

183. Macromitrium pulchrum Besch. ............................................... 304

184. Macromitrium pullenii Vitt ....................................................... 304

185. Macromitrium punctatum (Hook. & Grev.) Brid. .................... 305

186. Macromitrium pyriforme Müll. Hal. ........................................ 306

187. Macromitrium quercicola Broth. .............................................. 306

188. Macromitrium ramsayae Vitt ................................................... 313

189. Macromitrium raphidophyllum Müll. Hal. ............................... 314

190. Macromitrium refractifolium Müll. Hal. .................................. 314

191. Macromitrium regnellii Hampe ................................................ 314

192. Macromitrium renauldii Thér. .................................................. 315

193. Macromitrium repandum Müll. Hal. ........................................ 315

194. Macromitrium retusulum Müll. Hal. ........................................ 316

195. Macromitrium retusum Hook. f. & Wilson .............................. 316

196. Macromitrium rhacomitrioides Nog. ....................................... 321

197. Macromitrium rimbachii Herzog ............................................. 322

198. Macromitrium rufipilum Cardot ............................................... 322

199. Macromitrium ruginosum Besch. ............................................. 322

200. Macromitrium rugulosum Ångstr. ............................................ 327

201. Macromitrium rusbyanum E. Britton ....................................... 327

202. Macromitrium saddleanum Besch. ex Müll. Hal. .................... 327

203. Macromitrium salakanum Müll. Hal. ....................................... 328

204. Macromitrium savatieri Besch. ................................................ 328

205. Macromitrium schmidii Müll. Hal. ........................................... 329

206. Macromitrium scoparium Mitt. ................................................ 329

207. Macromitrium sejunctum B.H. Allen ....................................... 330

208. Macromitrium semperi Müll. Hal. ............................................ 330

209. Macromitrium serpens (Burch. ex Hook. & Grev.) Brid. ........ 340

210. Macromitrium sharpii H.A. Crum ex Vitt ................................ 340

211. Macromitrium similirete E.B. Bartram ..................................... 341

212. Macromitrium solitarium Müll. Hal. ........................................ 341

213. Macromitrium soulae Renauld & Cardot ................................. 345

214. Macromitrium speirostichum Müll. Hal. .................................. 345

215. Macromitrium st-johnii E.B. Bartram ...................................... 345

216. Macromitrium standleyi E.B. Bartram ..................................... 346

217. Macromitrium stoneae Vitt & H.P. Ramsay ............................. 346

218. Macromitrium streimannii Vitt ................................................. 351

219. Macromitrium subbrevihamatum Broth. .................................. 351

220. Macromitrium subcirrhosum Müll. Hal. .................................. 351

221. Macromitrium subcrenulatum Broth. ....................................... 352

222. Macromitrium subdiscretum R.S. Williams ............................. 352

223. Macromitrium subhemitrichodes Müll. Hal. ............................ 353

224. Macromitrium subincurvum Cardot & Thér. ............................ 353

225. Macromitrium sublaeve Mitt. ................................................... 353

226. Macromitrium sublongicaule E.B. Bartram ............................. 354

227. Macromitrium submucronifolium Müll. Hal. & Hampe ........... 363

228. Macromitrium subperichaetiale Thér. ...................................... 363

229. Macromitrium subscabrum Mitt. .............................................. 363

230. Macromitrium subtortum (Hook. & Grev.) Schwägr. .............. 366

231. Macromitrium subulatum Mitt. ................................................ 366

232. Macromitrium sulcatum (Hook.) Brid. ..................................... 368

233. Macromitrium swainsonii (Hook.) Brid. .................................. 370

234. Macromitrium taiheizanense Nog. ........................................... 371

235. Macromitrium taiwanense Nog. ............................................... 377

236. Macromitrium taoense Thér. .................................................... 377

237. Macromitrium tenax Müll. Hal. ................................................ 377

238. Macromitrium thwaitesii Broth. ex M. Fleisch. ....................... 381

239. Macromitrium tocaremae Hampe ............................................ 381

240. Macromitrium tongense Sull. ................................................... 381

241. Macromitrium tosae Besch. ...................................................... 382

242. Macromitrium trachypodium Mitt. ........................................... 383

243. Macromitrium trichophyllum Mitt. .......................................... 383

244. Macromitrium trinitense R. S. Williams .................................. 384

245. Macromitrium tuberculatum Dixon .......................................... 384

246. Macromitrium turgidum Dixon ................................................ 385

247. Macromitrium tylostomum Mitt. ex Broth & Sande Lac. ......... 395

248. Macromitrium ulophyllum Mitt. ............................................... 395

249. Macromitrium uraiense Nog. ................................................... 395

250. Macromitrium urceolatum (Hook) Brid. .................................. 396

251. Macromitrium validum Herzog ................................................ 396

252. Macromitrium vesiculosum Tixier ............................................ 396

253. Macromitrium viticulosum (Raddi) Brid. ................................. 397

254. Macromitrium xenizon B.H. Allen & W.R. Buck ..................... 403

255. Macromitrium yuleanum Broth. & Geh. .................................. 403

256. Macromitrium zimmermannii M. Fleisch. ................................ 405

4.4 Doubtful species .................... 406

CHAPTER 5 Results and Discussion ................ 413

5.1 Taxonomy .............................. 413

5.2 Habitats .................................. 413

5.3 Geographic distribution ......... 414

5.4 Morphological variations at the intraspecific level ............................ 416

5.5 Systematics and classification of Macromitrium – a preliminary result........... 425

5.5.1 Molecular phylogeny of Macromitrium .................................. 425

5.5.2 Toward a new classification of Macromitrium ........................ 427

5.6 Preliminary thought about phylogeny and biogeography of Macromitrium........... 430

5.6.1 About the morphology of Macromitrium ................................ 430

5.6.2 About general evolutionary directions and geographic region of origin............. 430

5.6.3 About the endemism, disjunction and speciation time ............ 432

Acknowledgements ..................... 433

References ................................... 435

Index to Scientific Names ........... 443

Appendix. List of all names in the genus Macromitrium ......................... 449