Election Management Bodies in East Africa

Eugene Ntaganda, B. Makulilo

Description

The management of elections is increasingly generating impassioned debate in these East African nations � Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. The bodies that manage and conduct elections are, therefore, coming under intense citizen and stakeholder scrutiny for the manner in which they are composed, how they organise and perform their mandates, and the outcomes they achieve. The effectiveness of electoral management bodies (EMBs) has largely been influenced by the impact of political violence on election management reforms in East Africa. Even in countries where EMBs are the products of reforms initiated in the aftermath of violent disputes over elections, they still face enormous challenges in dealing with electoral disputes and anticipating election-related crises. Although changes to constitutions and the laws in these countries have sought to make EMBs independent and, therefore, more inclined to deliver free, fair and credible elections, there are many issues that determine their impartiality and their ability to allow for the aggregation and free expression of the will of the people. These shortcomings negatively impact on democracy. This volume assembles case studies on the capacity of EMBs in these five East African countries to deliver democratic and transparent elections.

Informations

• Publié par: African Minds
• Date de parution: 27 février 2016
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9781928331179
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Election Management Bodies in East Africa A comparative study of the contribution of electoral commissions to the strengthening of democracy

A review by AfriMAP and Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa

2 0 1 5

Election Management Bodies in East Africa

A comparative study of the contribution of electoral commissions to the strengthening of democracy

A review by AfriMAP and the Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa

Alexander B Makulilo

Eugène Ntaganda

Francis Ang’ila Aywa

Margaret Sekaggya

Patrick Osodo

Published by African Minds on behalf of Open Society Foundations 224 West 57th Street New York, NY 10019 www.opensocietyfoundations.org

African Minds 4 Eccleston Place, Somerset West, 7130, Cape Town, South Africa [e-mail] www.africanminds.org.za

 2016 All contents of this document, unless specified otherwise, are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International Licence

ISBN: 978-1-920677-97-8 Print 978-1-928331-17-9 e-Book 978-1-928331-18-6 e-Pub

Copies of this book are available for free download at www.africanminds.org.za

ORDERS To order printed copies from Africa, please contact: African Minds Email: [e-mail] To order printed copies from outside Africa, please contact: African Books Collective PO Box 721, Oxford OX1 9EN, UK Email: [e-mail]

Contents

1

List of tables and figures List of boxes Abbreviations and acronyms Preface Introduction

Overview A. Introduction B. Models of EMBs C. Colonial legacy D. Violence and election management reforms E. Membership of EMBs and the appointment of commissioners F. Independence and effectiveness G. Common challenges to electoral management H. EMBs and the East African Community I. Conclusion J. Options for reforming electoral management

2Burundi –Eugène Ntaganda A. Summary B. Historical and political context C. The National Independent Electoral Commission D. Funding of elections E. Management of electoral disputes F. A critical assessment of election management in Burundi G. Pre-2015 debate on electoral reform H. Recommendations

3 Kenya –Francis A. Aywa A. Summary B. Political development and electoral history C. Evolution of election management reforms D. The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission E. Election observation and monitoring

v vi vii xiii xvii

1 1 2 5 5 6 8 9 11 12 12

17 17 20 29 42 45 50 62 64

67 67 68 72 78 107

F. Funding of elections G. Management of electoral disputes H. A critical assessment of election management in Kenya I. Recommendations

4 Rwanda –Patrick Osodo A. Summary B. History and politics of elections C. Legal framework for elections in post-genocide Rwanda D. The National Electoral Commission E. Funding of elections F. Management of electoral disputes G. A critical assessment of election management in Rwanda H. Electoral management and the debate on democratic reforms I. Recommendations

5– Tanzania Alexander B. Makulilo A. Summary B. Political history C. Election management bodies D. Funding of elections E. Management of electoral disputes F. EMB relations with other actors G. A critical assessment of election management in Tanzania H. Constitutional review and reform of EMBs I. Conclusions J. Recommendations

6– Uganda Margaret Sekaggya A. Summary B. Political history of elections C. Legal framework for the Electoral Commission D. Management of electoral disputes E. Financing the EC F. A critical assessment of election management in Uganda G. Conclusion H. Recommendations

108 110 113 120

126 126 128 143 156 173 176 179 193 194

197 197 199 209 222 226 229 234 247 249 250

254 254 255 263 274 277 280 290 292

/LVW RI WDEOHV DQG °JXUHV

Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 6.1 Table 6.2

Evolution of Kenya’s EMB Composition of the Parliament of Kenya Elements of Kenya’s principal voters’ register Kenya’s electoral justice chain Election petitions status as on 30 August 2013 Comparison of parallel vote tabulation (PVT) and official results Funds for the general elections in 2005 and 2010 in Tanzania Funds for the general elections in 2005 and 2010 in Zanzibar Demarcation of boundaries in Zanzibar in 2005 Summary of the 2011 presidential election results Budget and source of funds for the 2011 general election

Figure 3.1 General election results processing and transmission in 2013 Figure 5.1 Parliamentary election results by political party (1995–2010) Figure 5.2 Presidential election results by political party (1995–2010)

74 89 91 94 105 117 224 226 241 259 279

93 207 207

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURESv

List of boxes

Electing district councillors Ethnic representation and the role of the NIEC in the 2005 elections Electoral Code on co-optation is incomplete Regulating access to the media: The NEC and the Media High Council The nomination of Kizza Besigye as presidential candidate

vi ELECTION MANAGEMENT BODIES IN EAST AFRICA

28 38 60 167 273

Abbreviations and acronyms

ACDEG ACE ACHPR ADC-Ikibiri

AEMO AfriCOG AfriMAP AMNUT ANC APP APRM APRODH

APROSOMA

ASP AU BIF BNUB BVR CCA CCEDU CCM CECI CENI

CEO CEPI

African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance Administration and Cost of Elections African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights Alliance Démocratique pour le Changement (Democratic Alliance for Change) African Elected Members Organisation Africa Centre for Open Governance Africa Governance Monitoring and Advocacy Project All Muslim Nationalist Union of Tanganyika African National Congress Akamba Peoples’ Party African Peer Review Mechanism Association Burundaise pour la Protection des Droits Humains et des Personnes Détenues Association pour la Promotion Sociale des Masses (Association for Social Promotion of the Masses) Afro-Shirazi Party African Union Burundi Francs United Nations Bureau in Burundi biometric voter registration Commission for the Constituent Assembly Citizen’s Coalition for Electoral Democracy in Uganda Chama Cha Mapinduzi(Party of the Revolution) Municipal Independent Electoral Commission Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (National Independent Electoral Commission) chief executive officer Commission électorale provinciale indépendante (Provincial Independent Electoral Commission)

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSvii

CHADEMAChama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party for Democracy and Progress) CNC National Communication Council CNDDConseil National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie (National Council for the Defence of Democracy) CNDD-FDDConseil National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie – Forces de Défense de la Démocratie (National Council for the Defence of Democracy – Democracy Defence Forces) COSOMECoalition de la Société Civile pour le Monitoring Electoral (Coalition for the Monitoring and Observation of Elections) CP Conservative Party CPP Coast People’s Party CRC Constitutional Review Commission CSEOM Rwandan Civil Society Election Observation Mission CSO civil society organisation CUF Civic United Front Danida Danish International Development Agency DP Democratic Party DPP Director of Public Prosecutions EAC East African Community EACC Ethics and Anti-Corruption Authority EACEOM East African Community Electoral Observer Mission EACFEM East African Community Forum of Electoral Commissions EAMWS East African Muslim Welfare Society EC Electoral Commission ECK Electoral Commission of Kenya ECT Electoral Commission of Tanzania EISA Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa ELOG Election Observation Group EMB election management body ESF Electoral Stakeholders Forum ESP Election Support Programme EU European Union EUR Euro EVIDelectronic voter identification device FARForces armées rwandaises FDC Forum for Democratic Change FDU InkingiForces Démocratiques Unifiées FNL-PalipehutuForces nationales de libération FPRFront Patriotique Rwandais

viiiMANAGEMENT BODIES IN EAST AFRICA ELECTION

FRODEBUFront pour la Démocratie au Burundi GDP gross domestic product GNU government of national unity GTBEGouvernement de transition à base élargie HRW Human Rights Watch IDEA International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IEBC Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission IEC Interim Electoral Commission IFES International Foundation for Electoral Systems IIBRC Interim Independent Boundaries Review Commission IIEC Interim Independent Electoral Commission IPC Inter-Party Cooperation IPPG Inter-Parties Parliamentary Group IREC Independent Review Commission of the 2007 Elections JEEMA Justice Forum JLOS Justice, Law and Order Sector JWCEP Judiciary Working Committee on Election Preparations KADU Kenya African Democratic Union KANU Kenya African National Union KPS Kenya Prisons Service KPU Kenya People’s Union Ksh Kenya Shillings KWS Kenya Wildlife Service KYKabaka Yekka LDGLLigue des Droits de personnes des Grands Lacs LEGCO Legislative Council MDRDétcrmoiqatRuebupéacilnioMvumene (Democratic Republican Movement) MHC Media High Council MP Member of Parliament MRCitatdnoahéRilibsenCesoyitoMpourlauvement (Movement for the Rehabilitation of Citizens) MRNDMouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement (National Revolutionary Movement for Development) MRNDDMouvement Républicain National pour la Démocratie et le Développement (National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development) MSDdémtlatéedariitecoarMoemuvalilostneruop (Movement for Solidarity and Democracy) NARC National Rainbow Coalition NCCR-Mageuzi National Convention for Construction and Reform-Mageuzi

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSix