Facets of Power

Description

The diamond fields of Chiadzwa, among the world’s largest sources of rough diamonds have been at the centre of struggles for power in Zimbabwe since their discovery in 2006. Against the backdrop of a turbulent political economy, control of Chiadzwa’s diamonds was hotly contested. By 2007 a new case of ‘blood diamonds’ had emerged, in which the country’s security forces engaged with informal miners and black market dealers in the exploitation of rough diamonds, violently disrupting local communities and looting a key national resource. The formalisation of diamond mining in 2010 introduced new forms of large-scale theft, displacement and rights abuses. Facets of Power is the first comprehensive account of the emergence, meaning and profound impact of Chiadzwa’s diamonds. Drawing on new fieldwork and published sources, the contributors present a graphic and accessibly written narrative of corruption and greed, as well as resistance by those who have suffered at the hands of the mineral’s secretive and violent beneficiaries. If the lessons of resistance have been mostly disheartening ones, they also point towards more effective strategies for managing public resources, and mounting democratic challenges to elites whose power is sustained by preying on them.

Sujets

• Human Rights

Informations

• Publié par: Weaver Press
• Date de parution: 18 avril 2016
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781779222893
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

F ACETS OF P OWER

Published by
Weaver Press
Box A1922, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
< www.weaverpresszimbabwe.com >
and in South Africa by
Wits University Press 1 Jan Smuts Avenue Johannesburg, 2001 www.witspress.co.za
First published in 2016
© Each individual chapter, the author, 2016
This compilation, the editors, 2016
Maps on pages x and xvi by Street Savvy, Harare
We are grateful to the following for permission to use their photographs: Tsvangirai Mukwazhi (photos i and iii on the back cover and on pp. 69, 116 and 158); Panos and Robin Hammond (pp. 95 and 111); Avi Krawitz and Rapaport USA (p. 47); Annie Mpalume (p. 128); Clayton Masekesa and The Zimbabwean (p. 173, top); Melanie Chiponda (p. 173).
Every effort has been made to identify the source of the other photographs.
Any information subsequently received about these will be acknowledged in future editions.
Cover Design: Danes Design, Harare
Typeset by Weaver Press
Printed by Directory Publishers, Bulawayo
ISBN: 978-1-77922-288-6 (print) Weaver Press
ISBN: 978-1-77922-289-3 (digital) Weaver Press
ISBN: 978-1-86814-975-9 (print) Wits University Press
ISBN: 978-1-86814-976-6 (digital) Wits University Press
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher, Weaver Press.
For the people of Marange,
who have endured the most and gained the least from their rich lands
and
Edward Chindori-Chininga (1955-2013)
who knew these stories.
The country is starving, civil servants are going on strike, hospitals have no medicine, agriculture have no chemicals and schools have no books. We cannot continue to be playing around like you guys are doing... Are our diamonds meant to benefit certain individuals, or are they intended to benefit the nation?
- Edward Chindori-Chininga, MP *
* Statement by the Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Mines and Energy, in response to a government witness during proceedings of the Committee, Harare, February 8, 2010.
I N A COUNTRY RIDDLED WITH WIDESPREAD AND CHRONIC ABUSE of authority and breakdown of law and order, Marange’s diamonds stand out as an emblem of the toxic mix of state power, poor governance and private greed. This book shines a light on both the murky dynamics of Marange’s exploitation and the underlying political and legal order which enabled and encouraged them. An important contribution to the documentation of the full range of rights abuses of recent years – and to making a way forward from them. Beatrice Mtetwa, Human Rights lawyer.
N OT ONLY DOES THIS VERY NECESSARY BOOK examine Zimbabwe’s new and unsavoury political-economic networks of accumulation and power in ever widening circles around its diamonds, but it illuminates with great clarity and sophistication the complexities of local and global responses to this elite predation, state repression – and ruling party attempts to regain slipping hegemony. As such Facets of Power raises important questions about the possibilities of forging ‘post-nationalist’ political forms in the Zimbabwean state-society complex and further afield. Even better, this book introduces some very sharp new minds to Zimbabwe’s critical mass of public intellectuals and young academics: a huge bonus in itself. – David Moore, Professor of Development Studies, University of Johannesburg
C ONTENTS
Acronyms
Contributors
Acknowledgements
Foreword
1. Richard Saunders – Introduction: The Many Facets of Marange’s Diamonds
2. Richard Saunders – Geologies of Power: Conflict Diamonds, Security Politics and Zimbabwe’s Troubled Transition
3. Alan Martin – Reap What You Sow: Corruption and Greed in Marange’s Diamond Fields
4. Shamiso Mtisi – Enforcer or Enabler? Rethinking the Kimberley Process in the Shadow of Marange
5. Farai Maguwu – Marange Diamonds and the Kimberley Process: An Activist’s Account
6. Tinashe Nyamunda – Free-for-Allf Artisanal Diamond Mining and Economic Redistribution on the Edges of the State, 2006-2008
7. Mathew Ruguwa – The Social Impact of Mining on Schools in Marange, 2006-2013
8. Crescentia Madebwe and Victor Madebwe – Forced Removals and Hidden Power: Involuntary Displacement and Resettlement in Marange
9. Melanie Chiponda and Richard Saunders – Holding Ground: Community, Companies and Resistance in Chiadzwa
10. Richard Saunders – Epilogue: Back to the Beginning
Bibliography
A CRONYMS
ACR
African Consolidated Resources plc
AMV
African Mining Vision
CCDT
Chiadzwa Community Development Trust
BICC
Bonn International Centre for Conversion
CIO
Central Intelligence Organisation
CNRG
Centre for Natural Resources Governance
CPHT
Carats per hundred tonnes
CRD
Centre for Research and Development
CSO
Civil Society Organisation
CSOT
Community Share Ownership Trust
CSR
Corporate Social Responsibility
CSU
Counselling Services Unit
DA
District Administrator
DMC
Diamond Mining Corporation
DRC
Democratic Republic of the Congo
DRI
Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, India
EMA
Environmental Management Agency
EPO
Exclusive Prospecting Order
GNU
Government of National Unity
HRC
Human Rights Commission
JOC
Joint Operations Command
JWP
Joint Work Plan, Kimberley Process
KP
Kimberley Process Certification Scheme
LFP
Local Focal Point
MDC
Movement for Democratic Change
MMCZ
Minerals Marketing Corporation of Zimbabwe
MZCT
Marange-Zimunya Community Trust
NANGO
National Association of NGOs
PAC
Partnership Africa Canada
RBZ
Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe
SRSDIL
Surat Rough Diamond Sourcing India Limited
WDC
World Diamond Council
WGM
Working Group on Monitoring, Kimberley Process
ZANU-PF
Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
ZELA
Zimbabwe Environmental Law Association
ZIMRA
Zimbabwe Revenue Authority
ZLHR
Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights
ZMDC
Zimbabwe Mining Development Corporation
ZNA
Zimbabwe National Army
ZRP
Zimbabwe Republic Police

C ONTRIBUTORS
Melanie Chiponda is the Co-ordinator and a founding member of the Chiadzwa Community Development Trust, a leading community organisation working on behalf of the residents of diamond mining-affected areas in Marange. She holds an MSc in Development Studies from the Women’s University in Africa, Harare. Her research and advocacy work in Zimbabwe engages with global extractive industries from the perspective of mining communities, and is embedded in a participatory action research approach. Overarching themes of her research include land rights, social justice and the emancipation of women in rural areas.
Crescentia Madebwe has a DPhil in International Population Migration from the University of South Africa, MSc from the University of Zimbabwe and BA from Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone. She is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies at Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe. Her research interests range from population migration to issues of sustainable development, gender and development, urban poverty, and environment and food security.
Victor Madebwe is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies at the Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe. He has a PhD in Hydrogeology from Midlands State University, an MA in Environmental Policy and Planning and a BSc, both from the University of Zimbabwe, and a Bsc in Geology and Geography from the University of Sierra Leone. His research and teaching interests focus on environmental issues, including environmental pollution and control, water resource use and management, and environmental impacts and assessment.
Farai Maguwu is Director of the Centre for Natural Resource Governance, a leading organization working to improve participation in and management of extractives Zimbabwe. He has extensively researched the illicit diamond trade in Marange, and has been a key figure in documenting and campaigning around diamond-related human rights abuses. In 2010 he was charged and detained for 40 days by the Zimbabwean authorities as a result of his work to expose rights abuses in Marange. The following year, Human Rights Watch honored him with the Alison Des Forges Award for Extraordinary Activism in recognition of his work on Marange. He is currently a PhD candidate at the School of Developmental Studies, University of Kwazulu Natal, South Africa.
Alan Martin is Director of Research at Partnership Africa Canada, a Nobel Peace Prize-nominated organization which works to improve the governance and trade of high value and conflict-prone minerals. Born and raised in Southern Africa, he trained as a journalist and worked for more than a decade as an editor and reporter in sub-Saharan Africa, Canada and the UK, before obtaining an MA in conflict and development from the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London. He has taught international journalism at Carleton University’s School of Journalism in Ottawa, and h