Moroccan yearbook of strategy and international relations 2012

Abdelhak Azzouzi

Description

This book is intented to contribute to a recognition of a Moroccan doctrine in political science and international relations, given that research work in this area is still lacking. Academic pluralism, intellectual diversity, multiplicity of approaches, as well as practical and theoretical debates are, indeed, essential for the vitality of any discipline. Gathering experts and specialists and bringing tendencies to confrontation are the primary objectives of the present work. (Hard cover).

Sujets

• Relations internationales
• Géopolitique
• Diplomatie

Informations

• Publié par: L'Harmattan
• Date de parution: 01 septembre 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 85
• EAN13: 9782296503120
• Langue: Français
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 18 Mo

Extrait

MOROCCAN YEARBOOK

OF STR ATEGY AND INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS

··· 2012 ···

MOROCCAN YEARBOOK OF STRATEGY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Moroccan Yearbook of Strategy and International Relations Director of the AMSRI Abdelhak Azzouzi Co-directors of the AMSRI Asmaâ Alaoui Taib / Abdallah Harsi / Mohamed Fakihi Scientific Committee Abdelhak Azzouzi / Asmaâ Alaoui Taib / Mohamed Fakihi / Abdallah Harsi / Anas Talbi/ Hakima Mountassir / Mounia Slighoua / Mouna Mesdouri / Brahim Benjelloun Touimi / Abdelilah Fountir / Danielle Cabanis / Hassan El Mossadek / Andre Cabanis / Mohammed Kabbaj / Fathia Bennis / Abdelhadi Tazi / Burhan Ghalioun / Farès Abdelarim / Ahmed Lahlimi Alami / Abdellah Bin Ali Al Khatib / Driss Guerraoui / Mohammed Larbi Messari / James Hollifield / Robert Jordan / Enrique Mugica Herzog / Khalifé Kazem / Catherine de Wenden / / Said Laouandi / Abdelouahed Ourzik / Mohammed Fatih Naciri / Mohamed Darif / Manar Slimi Makinouchi Haruko / Khalid Azab / Abdallatif Youssef al Hamad / Jean Louis Reiffers / Saad Kettani / Mohammed El Yagoubi / Francesco Spano / Fadel Al Rabii / Sabah Yassine / Madhi Al Khames / Amine Mahfoud / Mohamed Abassi / Cleopatra Lorintiu / Jaime Gama / Charles Christopher / Jean Marie Crouzatier / Phillipe Raimbault / Francois Paul Blanc / Nadira el Guermai / Idriss Yazami / Lola Bañon Castellón / Serigne Diop / Ahmed Aldersh / Amadou Lamine Sall / Mohamed Cherkaoui / Boucetta Boudchiche / Omar Hilal / Brian Calfano / Leila Hanafi / Aziz Hasbi / Menouar Alem / Pierre Bonte / Abdelhamid el Ouali / Kamal Mesbahi / Émile Sahliey / Mamdouh Aker/ Charles Anthony Smith / Said Al Lawandi Translation Committee Abdelhak Azzouzi / Asmaâ Alaoui Taib / Mohamed Fakihi / Abdallah Harsi / Hakima Mountassir / Mounia Slighoua / Mouna Mesdouri / Hamid kjidaa / Mohamed Ouakrim / Lola Banon / Zhor Lhouti / Maroussia Issoumour / Hakima Kirami / Mohamed Abassi / Omar Hilal / Mohamed Allali / Abdelmajid Khadad / Abdelali Quarqori / Abdeljebar Boukili / Siham Kinani / Abdelmajid Khdad / Abdelkader Lachkar / Mohamed Benhlal / Abderrahim Salmani / Direction des études et des prévisions financières, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances / Banque du Maroc / BMCE Bank / James Hollifield /Bahanou Akabouch / Ali Azeriah / Aouatif Raissouli / Sadik Rddad / Jilali Saib Committee of final editing and translation into the tree languages Abdelhak Azzouzi / Asmaâ Alaoui Taib / Mohamed Fakihi / Abdallah Harsi / Brian Calfano / Mohamed Ouakrim Graphic Conception Saâd Tadlaoui The AMSRI is published by the Moroccan Interdisciplinary Center of Srategic and International Studies (CMIESI), an association of public utility (decree No. 2.11.250 of 18 May 2011) with the participation of the Agency for the Development of the Southern Provinces and the support of Ahmed Jamai, the BMCE Bank, The Ministry in charge of Moroccans Residing Abroad, Royal Air Maroc. CMIESI, B.P. 8622, Atlas, 30 001 Fez, Maroc. www.cmiesi.ma

MOROCCAN YEARBOOK OF STRATEGY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

2012

© L'H ARMATTAN , 2012 5-7, rue de l'École-Polytechnique, 75005 Paris http://www.librairieharmattan.com [e-mail] [e-mail] ISBN : 978-2-296-99386-0 EAN : 9782296993860

INTRODUCTION

** ABDELHAK AZZOUZI The Moroccan Yearbook of Strategy and International Relations (AMSRI) is intended to contribute to a recognition of a Moroccan doctrine in the area of political science and international relations, given that research work in this area is still lacking. Academic pluralism, intellectual diversity, multiplicity of approaches, as well as practical and theoretical debates are, indeed, essential for the vitality of any discipline. Gathering experts and specialists and bringing tendencies to confrontation are the primary objectives of the present work. The AMSRI aspires to be a general-interest endeavor. It is concerned with political science in Morocco and elsewhere, with economic science, as well as with all aspects of international relations: political, strategic, cultural, etc. The AMSRI gathers scholarly analyses, academic articles, statistical reports and chronologies composed in a multidisciplinary spirit by academics, renowned diplomats, eminent economists, bankers, researchers, decision-makers, and Moroccan and foreign experts. It is unfortunate to notice that our Anglo-Saxon colleagues, particularly from the USA and the UK, in universities and decision- making institutions suffer, for example, from the lack of scholarly and pertinent literature on Morocco. Most of the time, such literature is available only in French or Arabic. Moreover, no collection or yearbook or otherwise yearly publications exist which take up in a scholarly manner, even in Arabic or French, the diverse issues pertaining to events of a reference year, or permanent subjects grouped under a thematic rubric. It is the ambition of the AMSRI to fill this gap and be a unique publication of its kind in literature on the issues dealt with in the publication, written in Arabic, French and English. Obviously, it is no easy task for a research center to publish a collection or yearbook simultaneously in three languages. To the best of our knowledge, no research center or organization has achieved such a task. It is possible that such work exists in a translated version, but in most cases, the translation is carried  President of the Moroccan Interdisciplinary Center of Strategic and International Studies (CMIESI), Professor of ** political science and international relations at the School of Juridical, Economic and Social Sciences in Fez. Last publication :Néo-constitutionnalisme marocain à l’épreuve du printemps arabe (with the Prof. André Cabanis, Paris, l’Harmattan, November 2011).

ABDELHAK AZZOUZI

out by other organizations within a time interval. This is the case, for example, of the annual report published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) which is an independent research institute on peace and conflicts and which focuses on issues related to arms control and disarmament. The report is financially supported by the Swedish parliament and is translated into Arabic, for example, by the Beirut Center for Arab Unity Studies. The yearbook format is a Francophone tradition with precedents such as the Annuaire Français de Droit International(French Yearbook of International Law) andtheAnnuaire Français des Relations Internationales(French Yearbook of International Relations). The AMSRIaspires to go beyond this French conception through adopting the Anglo-Saxon, particularly the American, virtues of the epistemological approach. For, it goes without saying that the most frequently cited scientific periodicals worldwide are American. I have in mind, in particular,World Politics,International Organization,International Security, International Studies Quarterly(with theMershon Studies Review). The same applies to publications concerned with methodology and specific issues: quantitative approaches and/or inspired from the theory of games,The Journal of Conflict ResolutionandInternational Interaction,on security issues, Security Studies, andon ethics, Ethics and International Affairs. The AMSRI has been inspired by these publications, as well as by the American publications targeting a wider audience but which have the same orientation such asForeign Affairs which, this year, celebrated its ninetieth anniversary,Foreign policyandOrbisfurther interest,. Of in addition to the scholarly articles in this volume, are the reports and various data bases proposed. The French share of the publication market in this area remains relatively weak in comparison to the American one. Because of the size of the American academic market, the number of internationalist political scientists, the support provided by foundations and organizations, the number of publishers, and the interaction with political decision-makers, the USA definitely is the center of gravity of activity in this respect. This explains the fact that a number of Moroccan decision-makers have contributed to this volume and our decision to undertake a systematic exploration of facts and events through actually resorting to many competencies. Moreover and as rightly underlined by Pascal 1 Vennesson, the issue of relations between domestic and international political dynamics in the USA is among the most stimulating, just as a number of notions, 1 Vennesson Pascal, « Les relations internationales dans la science politique aux Etats-Unis »,Politix, n°41, 1998, pp. 176- 194.

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INTRODUCTION

theories and empirical investigations developed in the study of international relations bring about stimulating elements on how to address the issue in question. Such elements, among others, constitute the major signpost of the AMSRI which is meant to assist the Moroccan and foreign decision-maker, the researcher, the academic, the student, the financial institutions, and experts all over the world, in finding their way. In the same way, it will contribute to creating a solid link between university specialists, experts and political decision- makers, as well as those involved at the international level, for their relations with the USA date back to a long time. Woodrow Wilson was a political scientist and Henry Kissinger, a unique alumnus of Harvard who occupied key positions in the White House. The individual and intellectual interaction between the academic sphere and the political one is stronger in the USA than it is in Europe. This is obvious in the mode of thinking and relations that exist between American and European associates of CMIESI on the one hand, and the political sphere of their respective countries on the other hand. Relations among the American researchers are stronger and more frequent. In Europe, such a link is almost inexistent. Our task is to try and face up to this challenge in the case of Morocco, through bridging the gap between groups considered to be growing into strangers to each other. The AMSRI aspires to constitute a precedent, a meeting point for concerned experts from all disciplines with national or international targets. As a matter of fact, its vocation is to enhance the presence of Moroccan universities, their research centers and their researchers, in disciplines where they may be dispersed and often isolated. The contents page of the present volume attests to the wealth of the Moroccan university which abounds with an array of specialist scholars. However, as already mentioned, the fact that there exists a breeding ground for academics does not necessarily mean holding a closed conception of research. Quite the contrary, AMSRI is open to a great number of external experts coming from the non-university research centers (graduates of eminent non-university institutions) or professional backgrounds (diplomats, political decision-makers, high civil servants, parliamentarians, union leaders, etc.). There is nothing contradictory about this, but a genuine complementarity holds between scholarly university research which upholds academic scientific rigor and the reports and concrete conclusions that can result from experience, from a different perspective and from individual knowledge in specialized areas. It is a real intellectual gymnastics and combination that the AMSRI has tried to achieve. Faithfulness to a traditional reading of events could be a demonstration of what

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ABDELHAK AZZOUZI

is illustrated in an allegory that Alfred Grosser found delight in using during his classes:the allegory of the night passer-by looking for a key under a streetlight: “Are you sure that is where you should be searching?” – “No, … but there is light here. Elsewhere, I can’t see anything …” Actually, AMSRI targets a large and diversified public made up of academics and their students, whether in the United States of America, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Algeria or elsewhere, as it is simultaneously published in three languages. It also targets researchers, observers in the persons of specialized journalists, as well as practitioners of political science and international relations, diplomats, international high officials, members of nongovernmental organizations, parliamentarians, heads of States and their advisors, think tanks, centers of analysis and perspectives, international banks and international institutions. It goes without saying that the choice of issues to be addressed is meant to provide to a wide audience original studies and references which should make available to the members of this audience, on a yearly basis, the epitome of current debates and accurate information relating to their areas of interest and expertise. The AMSRI aspires to provide a homogeneous and balanced mix of academic research and practice that is political, internationalist, governmental, administrative targeting components of civil society such as organizations and associations. Even in the academic research presented in some of the articles in the present volume, we strove to make the content fit within a well-mastered 2 transdisciplinarity. Thus, and following Josepha Laroche, we ascribed to the principles of advocates of the idea that research in political science is possible only if it integrates an international dimension, no matter what object and area of specialization is envisaged (local politics, sociological politics, administrative science, analysis of public policies or history of ideas). Similarly, it would not make sense to carry out work in international relations without reference to territory and political science. In other words, the discipline of international relations cannot endeavor without the methodology, concepts and work achieved in political science. We could even argue that the very existence of international relations, as a discipline, constitutes an integral part of political science. I concur wholeheartedly with Josepha Laroche who said that it would be erroneous to

2 Laroche Josepha « Science politique et relations internationales », in Olivier Philippe (Ed.),La science politique, une et multiple, Paris, l’Harmattan, 2004, p. 207.

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INTRODUCTION

believe that we can deal with international relations on its own: the international dimension is a component of any social science of the political. Any ignorance of such fact, both at the social and scientific levels, would lead to: - either amputating, or even mutilating research in political science, and therefore reducing its value; - or reducing international relations as a discipline to a mere ambiguous conglomerate of empirical-descriptive, journalistic and disparate body of data, 3 of a status that is both unreliable and indeterminate. The powerful rise of new actors and new and original forms of diplomacy justifies not only transdisciplinarity but also the implementation of Weberian sociology on an international scale:“A sociology that incorporates international relationswhich Max Weber himself was not aware of, but for which he has developed and legated to us precious conceptual tools. As a matter of fact, Norbert Elias had already recommended it when he referred to the mutations in the I-you equilibrium, defining contemporary international politics as both the work of a globalized society of individuals with networks which are more developed than ever, and a group of States in increasing interdependence. Thus, by underlining the complete intricateness of the individual and the society and that of the internal and international, Elias was among the first to focus on the paradox, often evoked, of a joint development of particularisms and 4 globalization.” We may here cite another example. The work of a historian and that of a political scientist or an internationalist must not lag behind. Political science is defined, among other things, as a deep conviction that social phenomena are comparable and that a general theory is possible, whereas history, following 5 German historian Leopold Ranke’s definition, never repeats itself. Each war, each revolution is, therefore, unique with specific causes. The 2011 Arab revolutions are a case in point. Each country has its own specificities. Transitology has found its range, but consolidology is taking time to come true in certain countries (Egypt, Libya, etc.). Moreover, Western political science has not been fair to the Arab world. It has, for centuries, contained it in eternal authoritarianism, placing it outside history. The successive events of 2011 did come as a surprise to political scientists and the most talented Western experts. The immediate combination of the work of a historian and that of a political 3 Ibid. p. 208 4 Ibid. p. 217. See also Norbert Elias,La société des individus, Paris, Fayard, 1991 (1939). 5  Ranke, Leopold « On the Character of historical science », in Georg Igger et al., (eds.),The theory and Practice of history, Indianapolis, Boobs-Merril, 1973, pp. 36-38.

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