Around the world, more young people than ever before are attending university. Student numbers in South Africa have doubled since democracy and for many families, higher education is a route to a better future for their children. But alongside the overwhelming demand for higher education, questions about its purposes have intensified. Deliberations about the curriculum, culture and costing of public higher education abound from student activists, academics, parents, civil society and policy-makers. We know, from macro research, that South African graduates generally have good employment prospects. But little is known at a detailed level about how young people actually make use of their university experiences to craft their life courses. And even less is known about what happens to those who drop out. This accessible book brings together the rich life stories of 73 young people, six years after they began their university studies. It traces how going to university influences not only their employment options, but also nurtures the agency needed to chart their own way and to engage critically with the world around them. The book offers deep insights into the ways in which public higher education is both a private and public good, and it provides significant conclusions pertinent to anyone who works in – and cares about – universities.
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AFR ICAN HIGHER EDUCATION DY NA MICS SER IES VOLUME 3 JENNIFER M. CASE, DELIA MARSHALL, SIOΔ& DISAAPELE MOGASHANAUX MCKENNA GOING TO UNIVERSITY THE INFLUENCE OF HIGHER EDUCATION ON THE LIVES OF YOUNG SOUTH AFRICANS
African Minds Higher Education Dynamics Series Vol. 3
Going to University he Influence of Higer Education on te Lives of Young Sout Africans
Jennifer M. Case, Delia Marsall, Sioux McKenna and Disaapele Mogasana
A NOTE ABOUT THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS his open access publication forms part of te African Minds peer reviewed, academic books list, te broad mission of wic is to support te dissemination of African scolarsip and to foster access, openness and debate in te pursuit of growing and deepening te African knowledge base.Going to University: he Influence of Higer Education on te Lives of Young Sout Africanswas reviewed by two external peers wit expert knowledge in iger education. Copies of te reviews are available from te publiser on request.
First publised in 2018 by African Minds 4 Eccleston Place, Somerset West 7130, Cape Town, Sout Africa info@africanminds.org.za www.africanminds.org.za
2018 African Minds
his work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements Foreword
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Contextualising iger education
Navigating te undergraduate curriculum
Deliberations and decisions on study plans
he broader student experience
Non-completion of te first degree coice
Doing postgraduate studies
Entry to te workplace
he purposes of iger education
References Appendix A Metodology Appendix B List of participants About te autors Index
iii
iv v
1
17
37
59
79
91
102
127
144 149 158 161 162
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge te financial support of te National Researc Foundation (NRF) of Sout Africa for tis project, under te Competitive Grants for Rated Researcers Programme (Grant Number 90374). Additional intellectual input came troug a project jointly funded by te NRF and te Economic and Social Researc Council (ESRC) of te United Kingdom, under te auspices of te Centre for Global Higer Education (CGHE), under te title ‘Patways to personal and public good: Understanding access to, student experiences of, and outcomes from Sout African undergraduate iger education’. We want to acknowledge te formative intellectual input of Dr Kevin Williams in conceptualising tis project. Unfortunately, e ad to leave te project early on due to ealt issues. We are grateful for all te interview participants in tis study, wo gave so freely of teir time to sare teir stories wit us. Finally, we are most appreciative of te support of family, friends and colleagues trougout our endeavours in tis project.
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FOREWORD
Sue Clegg, Emeritus Professor of Higer Education, Leeds Metropolitan University
A foreword can offer tose wo coose to read it some insigts into te broader context witin wic a book sits, wat contribution it makes, and a view about wy wat its autors are saying is important. Tis book contributes to broader debates about te significance and importance of iger education in a number of distinctive ways. First it is based on te narratives of students wo started degrees at a number of Sout African universities. Tis may not sound remarkable but I will argue it is because we ave limited knowledge of wat it means to tis generation of young adults to ave been to university, regardless of weter or not tey are deemed to ave succeeded. Tese stories are important and tey callenge many of our preconceptions. Second te book makes a virtue of writing in a way tat makes tese narratives open to a wider audience. It wears its academic credentials ligtly in order to extend te range of readersip beyond te narrow band of scolars wo study iger education as teir profession to include tose wo ave a broader interest in iger education. Tis is increasingly important in a context were debates about te purposes of a university education ave narrowed internationally to a concern wit te economic benefits to individuals and society. Tird te autors speak from and contribute to debates about te significance of iger education in te Sout African context. Te complexities and difficulties of te legacy of aparteid and te creation of systematic educational inequality by political design are of immense importance. Questions about ow tese migt be overcome ave provoked Sout African scolars to ask searcing questions about te roles and limitations of universities. Tis as eigtened significance in terms of te timing of tis book written at a time of student protests and a broader politicisation of te debate. Finally, tese arguments ave international significance because te Sout African case as sarpened te debate about equity and iger education. Some of te best writing about iger education in recent decades as come from Sout Africa. Te book is underpinned by an argument tat we need not just look at embedded structural constraints but tat we sould also consider ow people understand teir situation and teir own abilities to act; ence te importance of narratives. It offers readers an opportunity to tink about broader questions of agency and constraint, and issues of race, class and gender. It is an invitation to consider tese
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GOING TO UNIVERSITY
matters because tey ave wider societal and political significance. Wat makes teir contribution impressive is tat te analysis is underpinned by considerable teoretical sopistication. Tat it is accessible and readable, and made available troug open access, makes teir arguments more, not less, important. Te words of tose interviewed are te core of tis book. Te study is based on73 interviews six years after tey first enrolled as students and we are skilfully introduced to20 individuals wose stores are revealed in some detail as te book progresses. Tis gives te book a unique feel. It proves a subtle device for teasing out te pressures tese young adults face, te resources bot material and cultural tey draw on, and te way tey weave teir narratives in accounting for teir trajectories to date. From te very beginning, wic starts wit two stories, we are callenged to revise our expectations of failure and success. Superficially one student is a success, te oter not; one as is degree and is going on to anticipated success at te very igest level of qualification, te oter is back at ome not aving finised is degree and trying to find work in order to get te funds to complete. In te negative language of many discussions of students’ trajectories tose like tat of te second student are represented as student failure or, in even more pejorative terms, as wastage. However, because te autors are concerned wit understanding and explanation, a more complex picture emerges. Time at university is not witout value for tose students wo ave not yet completed, or may not complete. Wat tey take from it is varied and complex but it expands te ways tey see te world and te ways tey can imagine teir roles witin it. In many instances it canges ow tey see temselves and people from different racial and class backgrounds. Te struggles of some of tese students are palpable and te form of presenting te narratives allows te autors to explore multiple strands. Some of tese are material and relate to financial support but some are more subtle. Students also describe ow tey navigate te university itself; starting wit knowing wat course to opt for, and ow muc flexibility a course offers, and wat appens if tey come to te realisation tat tey are struggling academically or tat tey just don’t like te subjects tey ave cosen. Te language of coice sounds rational and instrumental but tese are also deeply emotional journeys. Te stories also alert te reader to te impact of relationsips and in particular for women te consequences of aving a cild wose care still falls to tem and can interrupt or cange te ways tey navigate troug a degree. Parents and oter carers also feature in terms of material resources and teir lack, but also as a source of emotional support, encouragement and of know-ow. Again, te autors callenge us to re-examine wat we tink we know, for example, in terms of race and class; some parents are poor but not witout oter resources and provide support to tese young adults as tey are making teir way troug university and beyond. So, wat is important about te use of narrative is tat it allows for an examination of te broader structural constraints and cultural and structural conditions wic allow some of te participants to flouris but wic impede te development of oters. Wat we see ere are autors in complete command of teir material, offering us a very sopisticated understanding of te meaning of going to university wic far transcends simple
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FOREWORD
ideas of success/ failure and makes us question and look beind some of te numbers about wo succeeds, wo fails, and wat jobs tese young people get and aspire to. Te experiences of university tat emerge from te descriptions of te individuals in te book is about more tan individual social mobility and te autors quite consciously ask us to reflect on tat. Te use of te narratives gives te book an engaging and readable quality. Tis is not to be scoffed at. Many academic books are tedious and dull, and indeed incompreensibility is often seen as a mark of profundity. But as I ave argued above tere is noting unsopisticated about te analysis in tis book. By cumulatively introducing more narratives te autors callenge us to recognise te complexity of teir subject matter. Tey invite a muc wider readersip to recognise tat wat goes on in universities as broader relevance and is of societal importance. Tey lead us to ask some of te bigger questions about te purposes of a university education, wat are te limits and scope of individual agency, and ow we can tink about te relationsip between individual and economic development and uman flourising. Tese are issues wic are debated by tose of us wo work in te field of iger education studies but are too often reduced to an over simplistic eiter/or in broader political debates. Tis is wy decisions about style and readersip are not neutral. Tere is a democratic impulse in te writing of tis book and an encouragement, made easier by te accessible web-based form of publication, to engage a wider audience. Tere is also a recognition tat we as readers are, like te participants tey describe, moved by emotion as part of our rational deliberations. I was deeply engaged in reading tis book; engagement is important because it allows us to commit to tings tat matter to us. I tink universities matter. As a first generation, working-class beneficiary, iger education transformed my life and it was not just as a route to a better job. If tat was true for me it raises te question of weter it can be and sould be true for tis generation of students and young adults. Te autors do not put tis so baldly but I tink tey create a space were tese questions can be asked. Tis brings me to te importance of te Sout African setting were tese questions ave an especial urgency. Wile te Sout African university system is caracterised by te autors as an incipiently ‘mass’ one, participation is relatively low by international, altoug not African, standards. It is also a system wic still bears te scars of te past wit istorically wite universities being more privileged tan istorically black universities wit long-term consequences into te future for its students. Most disturbingly, altoug not surprisingly, wile black participation as increased, black success still lags beind tat of teir wite counterparts. Altoug tere is financial support for te very poorest students, many more face financial ardsip. Increasing numbers of studies are also sowing tat being at university is touger in many more subtle ways for black students, not least because tose students wo enter but wom te university tinks unlikely to succeed witout additional support follow a different curriculum to tat of teir better qualified peers. Tis often means an additional year and given te state of Sout African scooling tis extra year becomes a space for te least privileged black students. Te #FeesMustFall protests were surely also fuelled by tese