Faust, modernisation d'un modèle

Béatrice Dumiche, Denise Blondeau

Description

Désignée dans Le principe espoir par Ernst Bloch comme une figure de l'inquiétude et du déchirement, emblématique de ces moments où l'ordre symbolique normatif se fissure et donc se constitue une modernité, Faust devient très vite, précisément, une figure mythique de la modernité. Le Faust de Goethe marque le renouvellement d'une tradition populaire médiévale qui inscrit la quête spirituelle de l'homme et la tentation de l'hérésie dans une problématique modernisée, celle de la quête du bonheur et de la connaissance du monde et de soi.

Sujets

• Harmattan Littérature
• Littérature

Informations

• Publié par: L'Harmattan
• Date de parution: 01 avril 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 68
• EAN13: 9782296143449
• Langue: Français
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 7 Mo

Extrait

,QWURGXFWLRQ

)DXVW PRGHUQLVDWLRQ G¶XQ PRGqOH

'pVLJQpH GDQV/H SULQFLSH HVSRLUSDU (UQVW %ORFK FRPPH XQH ILJXUH GH O¶LQTXLpWXGH HW GX GpFKLUHPHQW HPEOpPDWLTXH GH FHV PRPHQWV R O¶RUGUH V\PEROLTXH QRUPDWLI VH ILVVXUH HW GRQF VH FRQVWLWXH XQH PRGHUQLWp )DXVW GHYLHQW WUqV YLWH SUpFLVpPHQW XQH ILJXUH P\WKLTXH GH OD PRGHUQLWp /H )DXVW GH *RHWKH PDUTXH OH UHQRXYHOOHPHQW G XQH WUDGLWLRQ SRSXODLUH PpGLpYDOH TXL LQVFULW OD TXrWH VSLULWXHOOH GH O¶KRPPH HW OD WHQWDWLRQ GH O¶KpUpVLH GDQV XQH SUREOpPDWLTXH PRGHUQLVpH FHOOH GH OD TXrWH GX ERQKHXU HW GH OD FRQQDLVVDQFH GX PRQGH HW GH VRL 6 LQVSLUDQW GH OD GUDPDWXUJLH VKDNHVSHULHQQH *RHWKH IDLW pFODWHU O HVWKpWLTXH WKpkWUDOH DOOHPDQGH GX ;9O,,qPH VLqFOH HW FUpH XQH °XYUH RXYHUWH TXL LQWqJUH FH P\WKH SURIRQGpPHQW DQFUp GDQV OD WUDGLWLRQ JHUPDQLTXH j OD FXOWXUH HXURSpHQQH GH VRQ pSRTXH R LO GHYLHQW XQH UpIpUHQFH IRQGDPHQWDOH ([HPSOH PrPH GH OD FRQWULEXWLRQ GH O pFULYDLQ j OD:HOWOLWHUDWXU HOOHV DYqUH VLJQLILFDWLYH GH OD PXWDWLRQ TX¶LO LPSRVH j OD FRQFHSWLRQ G XQH FXOWXUH QDWLRQDOH DOOHPDQGH HW GH OD SRUWpH GH VRQ °XYUH SRXU OD JHQqVH G XQH PRGHUQLWp HXURSpHQQH 6L OD FULWLTXH XQLYHUVLWDLUH D FRQWULEXp j UHQGUH FDQRQLTXH OH)DXVWGH *RHWKH O HQWUHSULVH D pWp j OD IRLV VRXWHQXH HW FRQWUHFDUUpH SDU OHV JUDQGHV PLVHV HQ VFqQH TXL RQW IDLW YLYUH O RHXYUH &¶HVW FHWWH GLDOHFWLTXH SHUPDQHQWH G XQH FDQRQLVDWLRQ HW GH VRQ UHIXV j OD IRLV PRGHUQLVDWLRQ GH O RHXYUH HW VLJQH pYLGHQW GH VD PRGHUQLWp TXL UHWLHQW LFL O¶DWWHQWLRQ

)DXVW DYDQW *RHWKH HW FRQWHPSRUDLQ GH *RHWKH

* 1LJJO FRQVDFUH O¶pWXGH OLPLQDLUH GX YROXPH j XQ )DXVW KLVWRULTXH PDLV GpMj DX[ PDUJHV GH OD OpJHQGH PDJLFLHQ DVWURORJXH FKLURPDQFLHQ HW QpFURPDQFLHQ DGHSWH GHV VFLHQFHV RFFXOWHV HW GRQF SRUWp j WUDLWHU DYHF OH GLDEOH FKDUODWDQ HQ PrPH WHPSV TX¶DYHQWXULHU HW ILJXUH SDUDGLJPDWLTXH GH FH VHXLO TXH FRQVWLWXqUHQW OD ILQ GX ;9qPH HW OH FRPPHQFHPHQW GX ;9,qPH VLqFOH $X ;9,qPH VLqFOH XQ FHUWDLQ QRPEUH GH UpFLWV GH FROSRUWDJH SRSXODULVHQW XQH ILJXUH GH PDJLFLHQ SDFWLVDQW DYHF OH GLDEOH TXH /XWKHU PHQWLRQQH GDQV VHV3URSRV GH WDEOHHOOH GHYLHQGUD OH SURWDJRQLVWH GX SUHPLHU)DXVWEXFKUHFXHLO TXL SDUDvW DQRQ\PHPHQW HQ  j )UDQFIRUW '¶LQVSLUDWLRQ OXWKpULHQQH OH UHFXHLO D XQH YLVpH pGLILFDWULFH HW GLVVXDVLYH &H )DXVW Q¶HVW DXFXQHPHQW OH UHSUpVHQWDQW GH O KXPDQLWp PDLV XQ LQGLYLGX H[FHSWLRQQHO GDQV OH PDO GRQW LO UHSUpVHQWH XQH IRUPH VSpFLILTXH OD FXULRVLWDVFRQGDPQpH FRPPH RUJXHLO OXFLIpULHQ /D FRQGDPQDWLRQ HVW



,QWURGXFWLRQ

WRWDOH SURQRQFpH DX QRP G¶XQH pUXGLWLRQ WKpRORJLHQQH TXL YHXW V RSSRVHU j O¶pPHUJHQFH G XQH SHQVpH UDWLRQQHOOH  LO Q¶HVW SDV TXHVWLRQ G LQYRTXHU XQH SUpGHVWLQDWLRQ GRQF XQH LPSXLVVDQFH QL PrPH VHXOHPHQW XQH IDLEOHVVH GH O KRPPH /H ;9,,qPH VLqFOH YRLW VH VXFFpGHU XQ FHUWDLQ QRPEUH GH UpFLWV GH OD YLH GH )DXVW HQ  OHV+LVWRLUHV YpULGLTXHV GX 'RFWHXU -RKDQQ )DXVWXVGH :LGPDQ  HQ  OH)DXVWGH 3ILW]HU HQ  OH)DXVWEXFK HLQHV &KLVWOLFK 0H\QHQGHQTXL VRQW SOXV RX PRLQV PDUTXpV SDU OHV SROpPLTXHV FRQIHVVLRQQHOOHV FKH] :LGPDQ )DXVW HVW XQ SDSLVWH VXSHUVWLWLHX[ VL 3ILW]HU V DEVWLHQW OXL GH SROpPLTXH UHOLJLHXVH LO LQVLVWH QpDQPRLQV VXU OD FRQGDP QDWLRQ PRUDOH HW HQ  O DQRQ\PH)DXVWEXFKLQWHUURJH OD QRWLRQ UHOLJLHX VH GH SUpGHVWLQDWLRQ SRXU FRPSDWLU DX PDOKHXU GH O KRPPH /D ILQ GX ;9,qPH VLqFOH YRLW O pPHUJHQFH G XQH WUDGLWLRQ WKpkWUDOH GH )DXVW DX WRXUQDQW GHV ;9OqPH HW ;9,,qPH VLqFOHV 0DUORZH SRUWH j OD VFqQH XQH ILJXUH TXL Q¶HVW SOXV VRXOHYpH SDU OH GpVLU GH FRQQDLVVDQFH PDLV TXL PXH SDU OD YRORQWp GH SXLVVDQFH HQWHQG V¶pJDOHU j 'LHX HQ FRQTXpUDQW OH PRQGH &H )DXVW GHYLHQW XQH ILJXUH GUDPDWLTXH WUDYHUVpH SDU OH GpVHVSRLU DXWDQW TXH OD UpYROWH SDU O DQJRLVVH HW OH UHPRUGV QpDQPRLQV ILQDOHPHQW DQpDQWLH SDU OD SHXU GH OD PRUW HW GH O HQIHU 6L OD FRQGDPQDWLRQ UHVWH LQpOXFWDEOH XQH JUDQGHXU WUDJLTXH GX SHUVRQQDJH DSSDUDvW GDQV OH ILQDOH & HVW FH GpFKLUHPHQW GH O KRPPH TXH OHV VFqQHV DPEXODQWHV UHWLHQGURQW HW IHURQW FRQQDvWUH VXU OH FRQWLQHQW HQ WHPSpUDQW WRXWHIRLV OH WUDJLTXH HW O KRUUHXU SDU XQ FHUWDLQ QRPEUH GH VFqQHV FRPLTXHV YRLUH EXUOHVTXHV GHVWLQpHV j UHODWLYLVHU OD ILJXUH HW OH SRXYRLU GX 'LDEOH PLHX[ TXH QH SRXYDLW OH IDLUH OD UpIOH[LRQ WKpRORJLTXH $LQVL V¶LQVWDXUH XQH WKpkWUDOLVDWLRQ GH O¶KLVWRLUH GH )DXVW TXL PpODQJH OHV JHQUHV MXVTX j OD SDURGLH WUDGLWLRQ R SXLVHUD OH WKpkWUH GH PDULRQQHWWHV GHV ;9,,qPH HW ;9,O,qPH VLqFOHV  F¶HVW SDU FH WKpkWUH GH PDULRQQHWWHV TXH *RHWKH HQIDQW UHQFRQWUH OD ILJXUH GX 'U )DXVW $LQVL ORUVTXH /HVVLQJ FRQoRLW O¶LGpH G pFULUH XQ)DXVWOD ILJXUH HVW GpMj SUREOpPDWLVpH PDLV F HVW D OXL TX¶LO UHYLHQW GH URPSUH WRWDOHPHQW DYHF OD WUDGLWLRQ TXL YRXH DX[ JpPRQLHV O¶KpUpWLTXH /H SHQVHXU GHV /XPLqUHV QH SHXW pYLGHPPHQW SDV FRQGDPQHU OH GpVLU GH VDYRLU TXL Q¶HVW SDV SRXU OXL RQ OH VDLW VLPSOH DFFXPXODWLRQ GH FRQQDLVVDQFHV PDLV TXrWH LQILQLH GH OD YpULWp /¶DXWHXU GH OD'XSOLTXHTXL Q¶HQWHQG SDV SRVVpGHU OD YpULWp TXL SUpIqUH OH FKHPLQHPHQW j XQ TXHOFRQTXH DERXWLVVHPHQW QH SHXW TXH UHV SHFWHU © OH SOXV QREOH GHV LQVWLQFWV ª GRQ GH 'LHX j O¶KRPPH $ILQ GH VDXYHU VRQ )DXVW /HVVLQJ HQYLVDJHDLW DLQVL HQ WpPRLJQH OD qPH/HWWUH VXU OD OLWWpUDWXUHGH WUDQVIRUPHUD SRVWHULRULWRXWH O KLVWRLUH GH O KpUpWLTXH FRQGDPQp j O (QIHU HQ XQH VRUWH GH IDQWDVPDJRULH  OD GpSRXLOOH TXH OH 'LDEOH HPSRUWH DYHF OXL Q HVW TX XQ IDQW{PH OH YpULWDEOH )DXVW HVW VDXYp



$ SDUWLU GH  GRQF j XQH pSRTXH R *RHWKH D FHUWHV GpMj OX j XQ SHWLW FHUFOH GH :HLPDU O pEDXFKH GH VRQ)DXVWOH IXWXU8UIDXVWPDLV DYDQW TXH OD SUHPLqUH SDUWLH GX GUDPH VRLW SXEOLpH  &K 0 .OLQJHU SXEOLH WURLV URPDQV TXL UHSUHQQHQW OH SHUVRQQDJH /D YLH OHV DFWHV HW OD GHVFHQWH DX[ HQIHUV GH )DXVWGHVWLQp j rWUH © OH SRUWDLO JRWKLTXH ª GH O¶HQVHPEOH OH)DXVW RULHQWDOHW9R\DJHV DYDQW OH GpOXJH) &ROVRQFRPPHQW .OLQJHU PRQWUH UpLQVqUH )DXVW GDQV XQH WUDGLWLRQ QDUUDWLYH  )DXVW 0DKDO RX $EGDOODK HQWUHSUHQQHQW GH SDUFRXULU OH PRQGH SRXU \ FKHUFKHU OD YHUWX SRXU WHQWHU GH FRPSUHQGUH OHV FDXVHV GX PDO HW GX PDOKHXU &H QRXYHDX )DXVW HVW FRQGXLW G DERUG GDQV XQ ;9,qPH VLqFOH KLVWRULTXH SXLV HQ 2ULHQW HW HQILQ DX[ RULJLQHV GH OD FUpDWLRQ $LQVL SURPHQp VXU OD VFqQH GX PRQGH SDU OH GLDEOH DYHF TXL LO D IDLW DOOLDQFH LO QH GpFRXYUH TX¶XQH WULVWH LPDJH GH O¶KRPPH  HQ JXLVH GH VHFUHW OH GLDEOH OXL GpYRLOH OH FDUDFWqUH LOOXVRLUH GH OD IRL HQ O KRPPH FRPPH GH WRXWH H[LJHQFH G¶DEVROX

/H )DXVW GH *RHWKH

/H)DXVWHVW G¶DERUG SRXU *RHWKH XQH HQWUHSULVH SUREOpPDWLTXH GRQW O¶DXWHXU QH YLHQW j ERXW TXH SURJUHVVLYHPHQW HQ WLUDQW OHV SLqFHV G¶XQ © VDF GH :DOSXUJLV ª j OD IRLV DQWUH GH GLDEOHV HW GH VRUFLqUHV HW VDF j PDOLFHV 'H FH VDF F¶HVW j GLUH G XQ GDQJHUHX[ FRPPHUFH DYHF OH GLDEOH HW O¶HQIHU DXWDQW TXH G XQH LQpSXLVDEOH YHUYH FRPLTXH *RHWKH WLUH XQH SUHPLqUH QRXYHDXWp OD IRUPLGDEOH VFqQH GH OD1XLW GH :DOSXUJLV ' %UHXHU UHSUHQG OD FRQWURYHUVH VXVFLWpH SDU $ 6FK|QH DYHF VD UppGLWLRQ GX)DXVWHQ  TXL HOOHPrPH UHPRQWH j XQH pWXGH DQWpULHXUH FRQVDFUpH j OD SUREOpPDWLTXH SDUWLFXOLqUH GH OD1XLW GH :DOSXUJLV  IDXWLO SHQVHU TXH *RHWKH D FHQVXUp VD1XLW GH :DOSXUJLVHQ H[FOXDQW GH OD YHUVLRQ SXEOLpH HQ  GHV SDVVDJHV HQWLHUV OHV3DUDOLSRPqQHVTXH 6FK|QH SUpWHQG FRQVWLWXWLIV GX WH[WH SHQVHU GRQF TX¶LO DXUDLW FpGp j GHV H[LJHQFHV GH ELHQVpDQFH HW WURQTXp FHWWH JUDQGH VFqQH G XQH GLPHQVLRQ HVVHQWLHOOH OD VRUFHOOHULH HW DXWUHV FXOWHV VDWDQLTXHV TXL HQ H€W IDLW O¶DQWDJRQLVWH GH OD VFqQH OLPLQDLUH GX3URORJXH DX &LHOXQH6\QDJRJDH 6DWDQDHHQ PrPH WHPSV TX¶HOOH HXW IDLW GH 0DUJXHULWH XQH VRUFLqUH YLFWLPH G XQ GH FHV SURFqV GH VRUFHOOHULH GRQW *RHWKH FRQQDLVVDLW OHV UpFLWV " 6H IRQGDQW VXU WURLV WH[WHV OD EDOODGH GH  GLH HUVWH :DOSXUJLVQDFKWOH WH[WH GH)DXVW HW OHV 3DUDOLSRPqQHVDX[TXHOV LO VXJJqUH GH GRQQHU XQ VWDWXW OLWWpUDLUH SURSUH ' %UHXHU PRQWUH TXH FH VRQW GHV UDLVRQV VWUXFWXUHOOHV HW FRQFHSWLRQQHOOHV TXL RQW GpWHUPLQp O XOWLPH YHUVLRQ GH OD VFqQH 6D FRKpUHQFH DLQVL TXH VD IRQFWLRQ GH UDSSHO DQWDJRQLVWH GX3URORJXHVRQW pYLGHQWHV GqV ORUV TXH O RQ GLVWLQJXH OHV YLVLRQV HW IDQWDVPDJRULHV LQVSLUpHV SDU O¶(QIHU GHV YLVLRQV LQVSLUpHV SDU OH &LHO  QRQ VHXOHPHQW O LQWURGXFWLRQ G HPSUXQWV DX[ WUDGLWLRQV GH VRUFHOOHULH Q HXW SX TXH QXLUH j OD FRKpVLRQ GH O¶HQVHPEOH PDLV VXUWRXW



,QWURGXFWLRQ

HOOH H€W LQIOpFKL OH VHQV GX WH[WH JRHWKpHQ YHUV XQ GXDOLVPH PDQLFKpHQ 'LHX  'LDEOH FDUDFWpULVWLTXH G XQH WKpRORJLH GH OD 5pIRUPH TX¶LO Q pWDLW SDV GDQV OH SURSRV GH *RHWKH GH UHSUHQGUH /H SHQVHXU GX ;9,O,qPH VLqFOH VXEVWLWXH HQ HIIHW D FH GXDOLVPH OD YLVLRQ PRQLVWH RSWLPLVWH 2ULJqQH G XQ 'LHX  DPRXU HW G XQ KRPPH  HQWpOpFKLH HQJDJp GDQV XQH YRLH GH SURJUqV &¶HVW FH GpEDW GH *RHWKH DYHF OHV SUpVXSSRVpV WKpRORJLTXHV LQKpUHQWV DX WKqPH GH )DXVW TXL OXL LQWHUGLVDLW G¶DQFUHU/D QXLW GH :DOSXUJLVGDQV OHV WUDGLWLRQV pYRTXpHV 5pKDELOLWHU )DXVW F¶HVW j GLUH OH VDXYHU H[LJHDLW FHWWH QRXYHOOH WKpRGLFpH /H )DXVW JRHWKpHQ DSSDUDvW GRQF j XQ PRPHQW R O¶RUGUH DQFLHQ TX¶LO VRLW GpWHUPLQp SDU OD 5pYpODWLRQ RX PrPH SOXV UpFHPPHQW SDU OD 5DLVRQ Q¶HVW SOXV SRUWHXU G¶HIILFDFLWp V\PEROLTXH $ OD ILQ GX ;9,O,qPH VLqFOH OHV SHQVHXUV GHV /XPLqUHV RQW UHYLVLWp OD WKpRGLFpH /D FRQVpTXHQFH VXU OH SODQ HVWKpWLTXH HVW FRQVLGpUDEOH  O¶KRPPH GHYHQXFDXVD VXLD KpULWp GH OD IRQF WLRQ FUpDWULFH 3OXV HQFRUH HQ FHW KRPPH F¶HVW OD QDWXUH UHIRXOpH SDU OH V\PEROLTXH HW FRQWHVWDWDLUH GH FHOXLFL TXL FUpH' %ORQGHDX HQWUHSUHQG G DQDO\VHU OH 0pSKLVWRSKpOqV JRHWKpHQ FRPPH ILJXUDWLRQ GUDPDWXUJLTXH GH FHWWH QDWXUH FRQWHVWDWDLUH GX V\PEROLTXH UHIRXOpH SDU O KRPPH FRPPH DQLPDOLWp G DERUG FRPPH IpPLQLWp HQVXLWH (Q HIIHW OD SUpVHQFH VFpQLTXH GH 0pSKLVWR QH V pWDEOLW SDV G¶HPEOpH GDQV OH YHUEDO PDLV GDQV OH VRQRUH SXLV OH YLVXHO FHV GHX[ FKDPSV SUpYHUEDX[ HQWUDQW GDQV XQH UHODWLRQ GLDORJLTXH DYHF OH YHUEH GLVFXUVLI 2Q FRQQDvW O¶LQWpUrW GH *RHWKH SRXU OHV DUWV YLVXHOV DLQVL TXH VD SUDWLTXH SHUVRQQHOOH GX GHVVLQ HW F¶HVW GRQF VXUWRXW OH YLVXHO O LPDJH FRPPH FKDLU GX PRQGH TXL YLHQW FRQWHVWHU OH SRXYRLU OpJLIpUDQW GX ORJRVLPDJH GDQV VRQ VXUJLVVHPHQW SUHPLHU LQWHUPpGLDLUH HQWUH FRUSV HW ODQJDJH RX LPDJH GpMj PpGLDWLVpH SDU OD SHLQWXUH TXL HVW O DUW SDU OHTXHO OH FRUSV V¶pPDQFLSH HW HVW FLWpH VXUWRXW j WUDYHUV OHV JUDQGV H[HPSOHV GH OD 5HQDLVVDQFH IODPDQGH DXWUH PRGH GH SUpVHQFH GX © *RWKLTXH ª GDQV O¶RHXYUH GX SRqWH 0DLV FHW DFTXLHVFHPHQW GH )DXVW j OD VpGXFWLRQ GH O¶LPDJH LQFOXW OH ULVTXH GH FDSWXUH SDU O¶LPDJH TXL PHQDFH SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW OH VROLSVLVWH QDUFLVVLTXH &H VHUD GRQF ILQDOHPHQW FHWWH LGROkWULH TXH *RHWKH FKHUFKHUD j FRQMXUHU HQ UpLQVWDXUDQW XQ QRXYHO RUGUH V\PEROLTXH OH GLVFRXUV SRpWLFRVFLHQWLILTXH /D UDGLFDOLWp GH OD FRQWHVWDWLRQ ODQFpH SDU OH WH[WH JRHWKpHQ DSSDUDvW PLHX[ HQFRUH GDQV O¶DQDO\VH GX SHUVRQQDJH GH 0DUJXHULWH SURSRVpH SDU % 'XPLFKH 6L O¶HQWUHSULVH IDXVWLHQQH HVW OD VpGXFWLRQ G XQH SHWLWH ERXUJHRLVH SDU XQ LQWHOOHFWXHO JORXWRQ VL DX UHJDUG GH O¶KLVWRLUH OLWWpUDLUH OD WUDJpGLH GH 0DUJXHULWH HVW © OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ G¶XQ GH FHV GHVWLQV IpPLQLQV GH O¶(PSILQGVDPNHLWVXU IRQG GH GLYHUWLVVHPHQW GHVWLQp j UHQIORXHU OD FDLVVH GX 'LUHFWHXU GH WKpkWUH ª Q¶HVW GRQF ULHQ G¶DXWUH TX¶XQH DGDSWDWLRQ DX JR€W GX MRXU GX GUDPH ERXUJHRLV HOOH HVW JURWHVTXH ,, IDXW OLUH FHWWH WUDJpGLH FRPPH XQH VWUDWpJLH GH VXEYHUVLRQ GX WKpkWUH GDQV OD IRQFWLRQ TXH FHOXLFL