Apple of Discord

Ian D. Armour

Description

When seeking the origins of World War I, the chain of events in the late nineteenth century that led to the breakdown of relations between Austria-Hungary and Serbia and facilitated the rise of an aggressive Serbian nationalism needs to be understood. This book focuses on the hitherto unexplored Hungarian influence on the Habsburg Monarchy's policy toward Serbia after the 1867 Ausgleich, and it argues that this early period was critical in shaping policy after 1871, down to the imposition on Serbia in 1881 of a system of economic and political control.The Ausgleich, the Austro-Hungarian compromise that reconstituted the Empire as a dual monarchy, gave Hungary a limited voice in foreign affairs; and it was at the request of the Hungarian premier, Count Gyula Andrássy, that the young politician Benjámin Kállay was appointed representative at Belgrade in 1868. Both men were obsessed with the threat posed by Russia and particularly concerned that Serbia might be used as a stalking horse for Russian influence among the Monarchy's South Slavs. They pursued a shadow policy designed to draw Serbia firmly into the Monarchy's sphere of influence, which contradicted that of the foreign minister, Count Beust, and resulted in a serious deterioration in relations with Serbia by 1871. After 1871 Andrássy, as foreign minister, laid the foundations for a more explicit control of Serbia; Kállay, as a senior diplomat, negotiated the treaties that, by 1881, locked Serbia into satellite status for a generation. Through detailed archival research in multiple languages and a painstaking reconstruction of diplomatic events, Armour illuminates a crucial period in Central European history, showing how the origins of a war that claimed millions of lives can be traced to political maneuverings almost fifty years before.
Rough Guide to Pronunciation

List of Images

List of Maps

Concordance of Place Names

List of Abbreviations Used in the Notes

Foreword

Preface

Introduction

Chapter 1: Austria, Hungary, and Serbia in 1867

Chapter 2: Kállay Goes to Belgrade

Chapter 3: The Obrenović Assassination

Chapter 4: The Karađorđević Prosecution 1868–70

Chapter 5: The Bosnian Question 1868–70

Chapter 6: Managing the South Slavs

Chapter 7: Effect of the Franco-Prussian War

Chapter 8: The Bosnian Question Revisited 1870–71

Chapter 9: The Karađorđević Fiasco 1870–71

Chapter 10: Serbia’s Swing Toward Russia 1870–71

Chapter 11: A Problematical Relationship 1871–78

Chapter 12: The Imposition of Satellite Status 1878–81

Conclusion

Bibliography

Index

Sujets

• Histoire
• Austria
• Hungary
• History of Europe
• History
• Europe

Informations

• Publié par: Purdue University Press
• Date de parution: 15 mai 2014
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781612493282
• Langue: English

Extrait

Apple of Discord
The Hungarian Factor in Austro-Serbian Relations, 1867-1881
Central European Studies
Charles W. Ingrao, senior editor
Gary B. Cohen, editor
Franz Szabo, editor
Daniel L. Unowsky, editor
Apple of Discord
The Hungarian Factor in Austro-Serbian Relations, 1867-1881
Ian D. Armour
Purdue University Press West Lafayette, Indiana
Copyright 2014 by Purdue University. All rights reserved.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Armour, Ian D.
Apple of discord : the Hungarian factor in Austro-Serbian relations, 1867-1881 /
Ian D. Armour.
pages cm.-(Central European studies)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-55753-683-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-61249-328-2 (epub)
ISBN 978-1-61249-327-5 (epdf)
1. Serbia-Foreign relations-Austria. 2. Austria-Foreign relations-Serbia. 3. Austria-Foreign relations-1867-1918. 4. Hungary-Foreign relations-1867-1918. 5. World War, 1914-1918-Causes. 6. Serbia-History-1804-1918. I. Title. DR1976.A9A76 2014 327.4360497109 034--dc23
2014002934
Contents
Rough Guide to Pronunciation
List of Images
List of Maps
Concordance of Place Names
List of Abbreviations Used in the Notes
Foreword
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1: Austria, Hungary, and Serbia in 1867
Chapter 2: K llay Goes to Belgrade
Chapter 3: The Obrenovi Assassination
Chapter 4: The Kara or evi Prosecution 1868-70
Chapter 5: The Bosnian Question 1868-70
Chapter 6: Managing the South Slavs
Chapter 7: Effect of the Franco-Prussian War
Chapter 8: The Bosnian Question Revisited 1870-71
Chapter 9: The Kara or evi Fiasco 1870-71
Chapter 10: Serbia s Swing Toward Russia 1870-71
Chapter 11: A Problematical Relationship 1871-78
Chapter 12: The Imposition of Satellite Status 1878-81
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
Rough Guide to Pronunciation
Hungarian
All letters not listed below are pronounced as in English. Stress is always placed on the first syllable. a broad as as in father sharp a as in at c ts as in tsar cs, ccs ch as in church e short e as in pet long e as in French p e gy d plus y as in duke i short ee as in beet long ee as in see j y as in yes ly y as in yes ny n plus y as in new o short o as in bone long o as doe short vowel modification as in colonel or German sch n long vowel modification as in colonel or German sch n s, ss sh as in shut sz, ssz s as in sit u short u as in boot long u as sue short vowel modification as in French vu long vowel modification as in French vu zs zh as in leisure
Serbo-Croat
Vowels are given full quality in Serbo-Croat, but are otherwise straightforward. All consonants not listed below are pronounced as in English. Stress varies, but is never placed on the last syllable. c ts as in tsar ty as in tune ch as in church dy as in duke d dj as in jury h ch as in Scottish loch j y as in yes lj l plus y as in yes nj n plus y as in new sh as in shut zh as in leisure
List of Images
Image 1. Constitutional Structure of the Habsburg Monarchy after 1867
Image 2. Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
Image 3. Count Gyula Andr ssy
Image 4. Benj min K llay
Image 5. Prince Michael Obrenovi
Image 6. Prince Milan Obrenovi with Regents Jovan Risti Milivoj Blaznavac, 23 June 1868
Image 7. Prince Alexander Kara or evi
List of Maps
Map 1. The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary after 1867
Map 2. Nationalities of the Habsburg Monarchy
Map 3. The Balkans in 1815
Map 4. Serbia and the Vojvodina, 1860s
Map 5. Europe at the Conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War, 1871
Map 6. Plan for the Partition of Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1870-71
Map 7. The Balkans after the Congress of Berlin, 1878
Concordance of Place Names
G: German; H: Hungarian; S-C: Serbian or Croatian; Sl: Slovak; I: Italian
Names in present-day usage are listed first. Where an Anglicized version of a place name has become common, such as Vienna, or Belgrade, this has been used in the text.
Buda (H); Ofen (G)
Kotor (S-C); Cattaro (I)
Novi Sad (S-C); Neusatz (G.); jvid k (H)
Bratislava (Sl); Pressburg (G); Pozsony (H)
Dubrovnik (S-C); Ragusa (I)
Rijeka (S-C); Fiume (I)
Zagreb (S-C); Agram (G); Z gr b (H)
Zemun (S-C); Zimony (H); Zemlin (G)
List of Abbreviations Used in the Notes
APP: Die Ausw rtige Politik Preu ens 1858-1870 , 10 vols., ed. Erich Brandenburg et al. (Oldenburg 1933-39).
AR: Administrative Registratur, Haus- Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna.
DDF: Documents diplomatiques fran ais 1871-1914 , 32 vols. (Paris, 1929-1955). DDI: I documenti diplomatici italiani , 1st series: 1861-1870; 2nd series: 1870-1896 (Rome, 1952-83, 1960-84).
Dnevnik Dnevnik Benjamina Kalaja 1868-1875 [The Diary of Benj min K llay], ed. Andrija Radeni (Belgrade: Istorijski Institut, 1976).
FH: Folio Hungarici.
FO: Foreign Office files (Public Record Office, Kew; now The National Archive).
GW: Otto von Bismarck-Sch nhausen, Die Gesammelten Werke , 15 vols., ed. Herman von Petersdorff (Berlin: Hobbing, 1924-32).
HHSA: Haus- Hof- und Staatsarchiv ( sterreichisches Staatsarchiv, Vienna).
Hristi Letters: Pisma Filipa Hristi a Jovanu Risti u (1868-1880) [The Letters of Filip Hristi to Jovan Risti ], ed. Grgur Jak i (Belgrade, 1931).
KA: Kriegsarchiv, Vienna.
K llay Diary: K llay B ni napl ja [The Diary of B ni K llay], Magyar Orsz gos Lev lt r , Budapest, P344, C.d. 1-4 (31-34 k.)
MOL: Magyar Orsz gos Lev lt r [Hungarian National Archive], Budapest.
ODG: Les origines diplomatiques de la guerre de 1870-71 , 29 vols. (Paris: 1910-32).
OSZK: Orsz gos Sz chenyi K nyvt r [National Sz chenyi Library], Budapest.
PA: Politisches Archiv, Haus- Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna.
Petrovi : Nikola Petrovi (ed.), Svetozar Mileti i Narodna Stranka: Gra a 1860-1885 ; vol. I: 1860-1869 ; vol. II: 1870-1875 (Sremski Karlovci, 1968, 1969).
PRO: Public Record Office, Kew; now The National Archive.
Risti Letters: Pisma Jovana Risti a Filipu Hristi u od 1870 do 1873 i od 1877 do 1880 [The Letters of Jovan Risti to Filip Hristi from 1870 to 1873 and from 1877 to 1880] (Belgrade, 1931).
Vu kovi : Vojislav J. Vu kovi (ed.), Politi ka akcija Srbije u ju noslovenskim pokrajinama Habsbur ke monarhije 1859-1874 [Serbia s Political Activity in the South Slav Provinces of the Habsburg Monarchy] (Belgrade, 1965).
Foreword
This is the author s first book-length study of the role that Hungarian statesmen played in determining Habsburg policy toward Serbia. He anticipates producing a second volume that will take the story to the bloody palace revolution of 1903, and, perhaps, a third that would conclude with the outbreak of World War I.
This first installment is certainly timely, appearing as it has on the hundredth anniversary of that epochal event. At this very moment historians and journalists across the Atlantic community are busily commemorating the centenary of the Great War. One theme that will surface repeatedly both in print and in conference presentations will be the causes of the conflict that consumed so many lives, institutions, and whole societies during the course of the twentieth century. Experts and pundits alike will invoke the names of the ill-fated Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his assassin, Gavrilo Princip. Some will pontificate about the respective roles of Serbian intelligence, Germany s Blank Check, the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum, and the Schlieffen Plan. A few will dig deeper by examining the statesmen and diplomacy that created the two rival alliance systems that seemed predestined to resolve their differences on the battlefield.
This volume gives due attention to the circumstances, events and personalities that produced the secret Austro-Serbian alliance of 1881. Although the few Habsburg officials in the know in both Vienna and Budapest hailed it as a diplomatic triumph, the treaty had succeeded all too well for the Dual Monarchy s long-term interest. Moreover, there was a subplot to the story: namely, the agendas of Hungarian statesmen like Gyula Andr ssy and Benjamin K llay. Over the centuries, Habsburg statesmen had advanced the monarchy s remarkable career by assembling coalitions that had been activated by its partners appreciation of a common interest and sanguine anticipation of mutual benefit. Time and again, monarchs and diplomats from Maximilian to Metternich had forged alliances through judicious moderation and mutual accommodation. They did so not out of some inbred timidity or empathy, but because the monarchy s finite resources and vulnerable frontiers demanded an abiding sensitivity to core interests of constituencies both within and beyond its frontiers. The circumstances surrounding the treaty of 28 June 1881 were different. The Habsburg negotiators could afford to play from a position of unusual strength vis- -vis Serbian Prince Milan. In imposing their will they demonstrated that they were no different than other hegemons when conditions gave them a free hand.
With the benefit of hindsight, historians can pass judgment on those victors who, in retrospect, should have been more careful what they wish for. The refrain applies to Austria-Hungary in 1881, much as it would to Serbia and so many of its victorious allies in 1918.
Charles W. Ingrao
Preface
The history of relations between the Habsburg Monarchy and Serbia has always been bedeviled by emotion, partisanship, and special pleading. It has also undergone radical changes in the outlook of those writing on the subject, depending on current eve