From Meteorite Impact to Constellation City

Oiva W. Saarinen

Description

From Meteorite Impact to Constellation City is a historical geography of the City of Greater Sudbury. The story that began billions of years ago encompasses dramatic physical and human events. Among them are volcanic eruptions, two meteorite impacts, the ebb and flow of continental glaciers, Aboriginal occupancy, exploration and mapping by Europeans, exploitation by fur traders and Canadian lumbermen and American entrepreneurs, the rise of global mining giants, unionism, pollution and re-greening, and the creation of a unique constellation city of 160,000.

The title posits the book’s two main themes, one physical in nature and the other human: the great meteorite impact of some 1.85 billion years ago and the development of Sudbury from its inception in 1883. Unlike other large centres in Canada that exhibit a metropolitan form of development with a core and surrounding suburbs, Sudbury developed in a pattern resembling a cluster of stars of differing sizes.

Many of Sudbury’s most characteristic attributes are undergoing transformation. Its rocky terrain and the negative impact from mining companies are giving way to attractive neighbourhoods and the planting of millions of trees. Greater Sudbury’s blue-collar image as a union powerhouse in a one-industry town is also changing; recent advances in the fields of health, education, retailing, and the local and international mining supply and services sector have greatly diversified its employment base. This book shows how Sudbury evolved from a village to become the regional centre for northeastern Ontario and a global model for economic diversification and environmental rehabilitation.

Sujets

• Geography

Informations

• Publié par: Wilfrid Laurier University Press
• Date de parution: 15 juin 2013
• Nombre de lectures: 2
• EAN13: 9781554588756
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

FROM METEORITE IMPACT TO CONSTELLATION CITY
Source: Growth and Development Department, City of Greater Sudbury.
FROM METEORITE IMPACT TO CONSTELLATION CITY
A Historical Geography of Greater Sudbury
Oiva W. Saarinen
This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Wilfrid Laurier University Press acknowledges the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund for our publishing activities.
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Saarinen, Oiva W., 1937- From meteorite impact to constellation city : a historical geography of Greater Sudbury / Oiva W. Saarinen.
Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued also in electronic format. ISBN 978-1-55458-837-4
FC3099.S83S33 2013
971.3 133
C2012-907130-7

Electronic monograph in multiple formats. Issued also in print format. ISBN 978-1-55458-874-9 (PDF).-ISBN 978-1-55458-875-6 (EPUB)
1. Greater Sudbury (Ont.)-Historical geography. 2. Greater Sudbury (Ont.)-History. I. Title.
FC3099.S83S33 2013
971.3 133
C2012-907131-5
Cover design by Martyn Schmoll. Front-cover image adapted from Canada-maps.org . Text design by Janette Thompson (Jansom).
2013 Wilfrid Laurier University Press Waterloo, Ontario, Canada www.wlupress.wlu.ca
This book is printed on FSC recycled paper and is certified Ecologo. It is made from 100% post-consumer fibre, processed chlorine free, and manufactured using biogas energy.
Printed in Canada
Every reasonable effort has been made to acquire permission for copyright material used in this text, and to acknowledge all such indebtedness accurately. Any errors and omissions called to the publisher s attention will be corrected in future printings.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written consent of the publisher or a licence from the Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright). For an Access Copyright licence, visit http://www.accesscopyright.ca or call toll free to 1-800-893-5777.
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Biographies
Preface and Acknowledgements
1 The Unfolding of the Natural Landscape
2 The Aboriginal/Colonial Frontier
3 Drawing Lines on the Map
4 Forging of a Local Monopoly: From Prospectors and Speculators to the International Nickel Company (1883-1902)
5 Sudbury (1883-1939)
6 Copper Cliff (1886-1939)
7 From Local to Global Monopoly: The Merging of Inco and Mond (1902-1928)
8 Beyond Sudbury and Copper Cliff: Railway Stations, Mining Camps, Smelter Sites, and Company Towns
9 Beyond Sudbury and Copper Cliff: Forestry, Agriculture, Indian Reserves, and the Burwash Industrial Farm
10 From Falconbridge Nickel and Inco to Xstrata Nickel and Vale Canada (1928-2012)
11 From Company Town Setting to Regional Constellation (1939-1973)
12 From Regional Constellation to Greater Sudbury (1973-2001+)
13 A Union Town?
14 Healing the Landscape
15 Beyond a Rock and a Hard Place
Appendix
Notes
Bibliography
Index
List of Illustrations
frontispiece City of Greater Sudbury: Township Boundaries
FIGURES
1.1
Early Continents
1.2
Geological Elements of Ontario
1.3
Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC)
1.4
Volcanic and Meteorite Impact Models
1.5
Extent of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and Postglacial Lakes
1.6
Surficial Geology of the Sudbury Area
1.7
Local Watersheds
1.8
Path of the Sudbury Tornado (August 20, 1970)
2.1
Northern Ontario as a British and French Exploration Zone
2.2
Champlain s Map of New France (1632)
2.3
Jacques Nicholas Bellin s Map (1755)
2.4
Sudbury s Geopolitical Situation (1667-1912)
3.1
Murray s Pioneering Map of the North Shore and Lake Huron
3.2
Salter s Lines and Timber Berths
3.3
Township Surveys of Ontario (1780+)
3.4
Districts of Northern Ontario (1858-1927)
3.5
First Geological Map of the Sudbury Area (1891)
4.1
Early Mine Sites in the Sudbury Area (1884-1917)
5.1
Early Land Grants and Count Romanet Properties (1884-ca.1919)
5.2
Canadian Pacific Railway Plan of Sudbury (1886)
5.3
Rev. A. Cote s Jesuit Tract (1890)
5.4
Streetscape of the City of Sudbury (1936)
5.5
Early Subdivisions in Gatchell
5.6
Lockerby Finnish Settlement (ca. 1946)
6.1
Copper Cliff (1904)
6.2
Finnish Settlement in Copper Cliff s Shantytown (1915)
6.3
Little Italy and the Crow s Nest in Copper Cliff (1930-1940s)
7.1
Population, Mining, Employment, and Nickel Production Trends in the Sudbury Area (1901-2010/11)
8.1
Algoma Eastern Railway (1930)
8.2
The Mond-Victoria Mines Setting and Finns in Mond Townsite (ca. 1917-1918)
8.3
Sketch Map of Garson (1935)
8.4
Sketch Map of Coniston (1930s)
9.1
Land Ownership in Parts of Hanmer and Capreol Townships (1912)
9.2
Beaver Lake (Lorne Township) Cultural Landscape (ca. 1930s)
9.3
First Nations Reserves in the Sudbury Area
9.4
Burwash Industrial Farm (Correctional Centre)
10.1
Mining Lands in the Sudbury Area (1960s)
10.2
Mining Operations in the Sudbury Area (2011)
11.1
Subdivision Activity in the Sudbury Area (1946-1959)
11.2
Municipal Boundary Changes for Town/City of Sudbury (1892-1973)
11.3
Regional Municipality of Sudbury (1973)
12.1
Regional Boundary Changes (1973-2001)
14.1
Early Roast Yards in the Sudbury Area (1888-1929)
14.2
Tailings and Slag Dumps Associated with Vale Canada (2010)
14.3
Geographical Extent of Land Reclamation in the City of Greater Sudbury (1978-2010)
15.1
What Fits into Sudbury Map
15.2
Sudbury as a Constellation City
TABLES
1.1
Geological Time Scale for the Sudbury Structure
2.1
Hudson s Bay Company Posts and Stores in the Sudbury Area (1822-1900)
3.1
Townships in the City of Greater Sudbury by Surveyor, Date of Survey, and Origin of Name
4.1
Early Mine Sites in the Sudbury Area (1884-1917)
5.1
Population Trends in the Sudbury Area (1901-1971)
5.2
Provincial and Federal Members of Parliament from Sudbury (1905-2011)
5.3
Population by Ethnic Origin for Town/City of Sudbury (1901-1951)
5.4
Population by Religion for Town/City of Sudbury (1901-1951)
9.1
Number of Farms in the Sudbury Area (1921-1971)
10.1
Employment Trends for Vale Canada and Xstrata Nickel (Sudbury Operations: 1928-2010)
10.2
Mining Employment by Company Sector in the Sudbury Area
11.1
Ethnic Origins for the Sudbury Area (1951-2006)
11.2
Population by Religion for the Sudbury Area (1951-2001)
12.1
Regional Council Chairpersons and Mayors of City of Greater Sudbury (1973-2010+)
12.2
Population Trends in the Sudbury Area (1971-2011)
12.3
Migration Estimates for the Sudbury Area (1980-2010)
12.4
Sudbury Labour Force by Industry (1951-2001)
13.1
Presidents of Mine Mill/CAW and Steelworkers Locals in Sudbury
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
6.1
Copper Cliff (1946)
9.1
Chelmsford Farming Area (1946)
9.2
Beaver Lake Finnish Enclave (1946)
11.1
Sudbury (1946)
11.2
McKim Township North of Minnow Lake (1946)
11.3
The Lockerby Area (1946)
List of Biographies
1
Albert Pellew Salter: A Surveyor Who Left His Mark (1816-1874)
2
Thomas Frood: Prospector and a Member of the Big Four (1843-1916)
3
Samuel J. Ritchie: Father of the Canadian Copper Company (1838-1908)
4
William Joseph Bell: Lumber Baron and Community Benefactor (1858-1945)
5
William Edge Mason: Newspaper Mogul (1882-1948)
6
Robert Crooks Stanley: Saviour of Inco (1876-1951)
7
Dr. Horace John Fraser: Dynamic Leader of Falconbridge Nickel (1905-1969)
8
William Bill Beaton: Mayor of the People (1895-1956)
9
Baxter Ricard: Proud Leader of the Francophone Community (1905-1993)
10
Max Silverman: The Silver Fox (1906-1966)
11
The Honourable Judy Erola, P.C.: Femme Extraordinaire (1934+)
12
Thomas M. Davies: Fervent Sudbury Booster (1934-1997)
13
Jim Gordon: Red Tory and Visionary Mayor (1937+)
14
Weir Reid: The Last Angry Socialist (1918-1971)
15
The Lougheed Family: Pillars of the Community
Preface and Acknowledgements
Time and space . These are the two defining features that give meaning to places such as the City of Greater Sudbury. In this book, history and geography provide the context for a journey that began billions of years ago and is still ongoing. It is a fascinating odyssey, encompassing dramatic physical and human events. Among these can be included volcanic eruptions, meteorite impacts, the ebb and flow of continental glaciation, Aboriginal occupancy, exploration by the Europeans, the presence of fur tr