Language is a tool used to express thoughts, to hide thoughts or to hide lack of thoughts. It is often a means of domination. The question is who has the power to define the world around us. This book demonstrates how language is being manipulated to form the minds of listeners or readers. Innocent words may be used to conceal a reality which people would have reacted to had the phenomena been described in a straightforward manner. The nice and innocent concept "cost sharing", which leads our thoughts to communal sharing and solidarity, may actually imply privatization. The false belief that the best way to learn a foreign language is to have it as a language of instruction actually becomes a strategy for stupidification of African pupils. In this book 33 independent experts from 16 countries in the North and the South show how language may be used to legitimize war-making, promote Northern interests in the field of development and retain colonial speech as languages of instruction, languages of the courts and in politics. The book has been edited by two Norwegians: Birgit Brock-Utne is a professor at the University of Oslo and a consultant in education and development. From 1987 until 1992 she was a professor at the University of Dar es Salaam. Gunnar Garbo, author and journalist and former member of the Norwegian Parliament, was the Norwegian Ambassador to Tanzania from 1987 to 1992.
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LANGUAGE AND POWER
THE ïMPLïCATïONS OF LANGUAGE FOR PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT
Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd P. O. Box 4246 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. www.mkukinanyota.com
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LANGUAGE AND POWER
THE ïMPLïCATïONS OF LANGUAGE FOR PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT
Birgit Brock-Utne and Gunnar Garbo, (Editors)
Mkuki na Nyota Publisers Ltd P. O. Box 4246 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania www.mkukinanyota.com
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Publised by: Mkuki na Nyota Publisers Ltd P. O. Box 4246 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania www.mkukinanyota.com
All rigts reserved. No part of tis publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means witout te written permission of te copyrigt older or publiser.
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Contents
Acknowledgements. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...vii Birgit Brock-Utne and Gunnar Garbo:Language is Power... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...1 Language in tHe Security Discourse. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...33 Carol Con: International Security, Language and Gender.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .33 Lotar Brock: he Problematic Securitisation Debates... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .48 Gunnar Garbo: Selling Wars.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .58 Berenice Carroll: Feminist Deconstructions of te Wars on Terrorism... ... ... ..65 Evelyne Accad:Cancer speaks in War Language... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..73 he Discourse of Globalization. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...79 Paul Vieille:Globalization and te Walls. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..79 Jill Bystydzienski: Gender, Language and Globalization. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..84 Macleans A. Geo-JaJa:Can Globalization in Nigeria’s Niger Delta BeHumanised for Integration and Development?.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..92 Judit Balázs:he Impact of Globalization on Knowledge and Security.. ... ... ..99 Development Speak... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..107 Steven J. Klees:he Language of Education and Development.. ... ... ... ... ... ...107 Robert Arnove: Wo Names te World wit Wat Consequences?. ... ... ... ...126 Regine Mel:Wose Education for All? he Need for Teacing Global Governance in te Ligt of Birgit Brock-Utne’s Findings... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...133 Øyvind Østerud:Evolving metapors of development... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...138 he Language of Instruction in Africa... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..143 Kwesi Kwaa Pra: he Language of Instruction: Conundrum in Africa... ...143 Adama Ouane:My Journey to and troug a Multilingual Landscape.. ... ...164 Ingse Skattum:Frenc or National Languages as Means of Instruction? Reflections on Frenc Domination and Possible Future Canges... ... ... ... ...172 Harold Herman:he start and progress of a Language of Instruction researcProject in Africa – te Spirit of Bagamoyo.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...182 Ladislau Semali:Indigenous Pedagogies and Languages for Peace and Development... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...196
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Indigenous Knowledge, Language and Culture... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..209 Jennifer Hays:he Oter Side of "All": Comparing Global Discourses of Education wit a Community’s Strategic Coices - te Case of te Nyae Nyae Ju/’oansi in Namibia.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...209 Rodney Kofi Hopson:“Oshinglisha oshapi eyi etia teka”: Englis, Colonialt st Power and Education in 20 Century Owambo and 21 century Namibia 221 Anders Breidlid:Education, Indigenous Knowledge and SustainableDevelopment in an African Context. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...232 Roger Avenstrup:Discoursing E-Value-ation: he Values Dimension... ... ... ...242 he Language of Instruction in OtHer Colonial Contexts.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..251 Carolyne Dyer:Language, Literacy and Social Equity in Indian GovernmentScools.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...251 Laksman Punci Weddirage:Science Education and Englis Medium:he Sri Lankan Experience... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...260 Arnfinn Muruvik Vonen:Sign Languages and Linguistic Imperialism.. ... ... ...267 Also tHe Nordic Languages are tHreatened... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..275 Birgit Brock-Utne:Is Norwegian hreatened as an Academic Language?... ...275 Per Åke Lindblom:Are te Nordic Languages hreatened as AcademicLanguages?... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...283 Language in tHe Courts – Examples from Tanzania and Norway... ... ... ... ..289 Haroub Otman:he Politics of Language and te Language of Politics.. ...289 Ståle Eskeland:he Importance of Language in Court – a Norwegian Case-Study... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...297 he Difficulties of PublisHing in Africa.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..301 Kwesi Kwaa Pra:Random hougts on te CASAS Publising Experience 301 Walter Bgoya:Reclaiming our Heart: Publising in African Languagesst in te 21 Century. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...308 Torill Aagot Halvorsen:320he ICT language in Tanzania’s Higer Education
his book is intended as a textbook for students in political science, policy studies, peace studies, development studies and socio-linguistics. We also ope it will be of interest for te general public. We ave cosen Mkuki na Nyota in Tanzania out of te solidarity wit African publising. his publising company is a part of te African Books Collective, wic as an office in Oxford, UK, and collaborates wit Micigan State University Press.
he capters and articles presented in tis book all deal wit language. hey ave all been presented eiter as keynotes, plenary panel talks or papers in parallel sessions at te IMPLAN (Implications of Language for Peace and Development) conference rd t eld at te University of Oslo on te 3 and 4 of May 2008. We ere want to tank te students, especially Line Kjølstad Gran, wo functioned as te conference secretary, for teir great work in making te conference a success.
It was sad to get te news about te sudden deat of two of our most dedicated autors, Haroub Otman and Roger Avenstrup, before te book was publised.
We want to tank te Faculty of Education at te University of Oslo, te Norwegian Researc Council troug te Network for Researc and Evaluation in Education and Development (NETREED) project and NORAD for te generous economic support wic made te conference possible. NETREED was a network for Norwegian based researcers and evaluators in education and development (ttp:// www.netreed.uio.no). It was led by Birgit Brock-Utne and supported by te Norwegian Researc Council for seven years from 2001 troug 2007. Permission was given to transfer a smaller sum leftover to 2008 and support te publising of tis book. For tat we are grateful.
he conference was organised by Birgit’s students and was eld to mark er sifting of scene from a fulltime professor at te Institute for Educational Researc to a more independent academic, researcer and consultant. Se will continue to ave an office at te Institute for Educational Researc and be engaged in some teacing and especially tutoring of P.D. and Master students connected to er LOITASA (Language of Instruction in Tanzania and Sout Africa) project wic will go on until 2012. Se as accepted an offer for te first part of 2010 to teac at Wartburg College in te US and elp build up a peace studies programme tere.
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LANGUAGE IS POWER
By Birgit Brock-Utne and Gunnar Garbo
“Wen I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said, in a rater scornful tone, “it means just wat I coose it to mean - neiter more nor less.” “he question is,” said Alice, “weter you can make words mean so many different tings.” “he question is,” said Humpty Dumpty, “wic is to be master - tat’s all.” 1 (Caroll 1871) .
ïntroductîon
Humpty Dumpty in te cildren’s book Alice in Wonderland written more tan a century ago teaces Alice tat language is power. It is a question of wo as te power to define concepts, to “name te world” as Robert Arnove says in is article in tis book. Language can be used to conceal meanings, to distort facts. he same penomenon can be given different names depending upon wo does te naming. he same person may be called a freedom figter by some people and a terrorist by oters for committing exactly te same acts.
As mentioned in our “acknowledgements” most of te capters and articles in tis book were presented at te IMPLAN (Implications of Language for Peace and Development) conference eld in Oslo in May 2008. he tree plenaries at te conference were preceded by tree keynotes. he plenaries as well as te keynotes 2 concentrated on main researc fields in Birgit’s academic career, peace studies, 3 4 education and development, and African languages as languages of instruction he first two of tese academic fields are also fields in wic Gunnar as publised extensively, toug mostly in our native tongue, Norwegian. Wen it comes to peace studies, see e.g. Garbo (1975, 1995 and 2003). Wen it comes to development studies, see e.g. Garbo (1985, 1993 and Brock-Utne and Garbo (eds) 1999).
For tis book we ave given te tree keynote speakers: Carol Con, Steven Klees and Kwesi Kwaa Pra, eac around 20 pages to develop teir capters. Carol Con introduces te discussion on te language in te security discourse, Steven Klees introduces te discussion on development speak, wile Kwesi Kwaa Pra introduces
1 he real name of Lewis Carroll was Carles Lutwidge Dodgson. hroug te Looking Glass is te sequel toAlice’s Adventures in Wonderland(1865) 2 see e.g. Brock-Utne (1985, 1989, 2000a, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2009d) 3 see e.g. Brock-Utne (2000b, 2002a, 2006, 2007a, Brock-Utne and Tungesvik (eds) 2002) 4 see e.g. Brock-Utne (2001a, 2002b, 2003, 2007b, Brock-Utne and Hopson (eds) 2005, Brock-Utne and Skattum (eds) 2009) - 1 -