Elementary Statistics Using SAS

Sandra D. Schlotzhauer

Description

Bridging the gap between statistics texts and SAS documentation, Elementary Statistics Using SAS is written for those who want to perform analyses to solve problems. The first section of the book explains the basics of SAS data sets and shows how to use SAS for descriptive statistics and graphs. The second section discusses fundamental statistical concepts, including normality and hypothesis testing. The remaining sections of the book show analyses for comparing two groups, comparing multiple groups, fitting regression equations, and exploring contingency tables. For each analysis, author Sandra Schlotzhauer explains assumptions, statistical approach, and SAS methods and syntax, and makes conclusions from the results. Statistical methods covered include two-sample t-tests, paired-difference t-tests, analysis of variance, multiple comparison techniques, regression, regression diagnostics, and chi-square tests. Elementary Statistics Using SAS is a thoroughly revised and updated edition of Ramon Littell and Sandra Schlotzhauer's SAS System for Elementary Statistical Analysis.

This book is part of the SAS Press program.

Sujets

• Getting Started
• Statistical model
• Régression

Informations

• Publié par: SAS Institute
• Date de parution: 05 mai 2015
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9781629597935
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 22 Mo

Extrait

The correct bibliographic citation for this manual is as follows: Schlotzhauer, Sandra D. 2009. Elementary Statistics Using SAS . Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Elementary Statistics Using SAS
Copyright 2009, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA
ISBN 978-1-60764-379-1 (Hardcopy) ISBN 978-1-62959-793-5 (EPUB) ISBN 978-1-62959-794-2 (MOBI) ISBN 978-1-60764-426-2 (PDF)
All rights reserved. Produced in the United States of America.
For a hard-copy book: No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, SAS Institute Inc.
For a web download or e-book: Your use of this publication shall be governed by the terms established by the vendor at the time you acquire this publication.
The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of others rights is appreciated.
U.S. Government License Rights; Restricted Rights: The Software and its documentation is commercial computer software developed at private expense and is provided with RESTRICTED RIGHTS to the United States Government. Use, duplication or disclosure of the Software by the United States Government is subject to the license terms of this Agreement pursuant to, as applicable, FAR 12.212, DFAR 227.7202-1(a), DFAR 227.7202-3(a) and DFAR 227.7202-4 and, to the extent required under U.S. federal law, the minimum restricted rights as set out in FAR 52.227-19 (DEC 2007). If FAR 52.227-19 is applicable, this provision serves as notice under clause (c) thereof and no other notice is required to be affixed to the Software or documentation. The Government's rights in Software and documentation shall be only those set forth in this Agreement.
SAS Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary, North Carolina 27513-2414.
November 2009
SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. indicates USA registration.
Other brand and product names are trademarks of their respective companies.
Contents
Acknowledgments
Part 1 The Basics
Chapter 1 Getting Started
Introducing This Book
Introducing SAS Software
Summarizing the Structure of SAS Software
Starting SAS
Displaying a Simple Example
Getting Help
Exiting SAS
Introducing Several SAS Statements
Summary
Chapter 2 Creating SAS Data Sets
What Is a SAS Data Set?
Understanding the SAS DATA Step
Creating the Speeding Ticket Data Set
Printing a Data Set
Sorting a Data Set
Summary
Special Topics
Chapter 3 Importing Data
Opening an Existing SAS Data Set
Reading Data from an Existing Text File
Importing Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets
Using the Import Wizard on a PC
Introducing Advanced Features
Summary
Chapter 4 Summarizing Data
Understanding Types of Variables
Summarizing a Continuous Variable
Creating Line Printer Plots for Continuous Variables
Creating Histograms for Continuous Variables
Creating Frequency Tables for All Variables
Creating Bar Charts for All Variables
Checking Data for Errors
Summary
Special Topic: Using ODS to Control Output Tables
Part 2 Statistical Background
Chapter 5 Understanding Fundamental Statistical Concepts
Populations and Samples
The Normal Distribution
Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Methods
Testing for Normality
Building a Hypothesis Test
Statistical and Practical Significance
Summary
Chapter 6 Estimating the Mean
Using One Number to Estimate the Mean
Effect of Sample Size
Effect of Population Variability
The Distribution of Sample Averages
Getting Confidence Intervals for the Mean
Summary
Part 3 Comparing Groups
Chapter 7 Comparing Paired Groups
Deciding between Independent and Paired Groups
Summarizing Data from Paired Groups
Building Hypothesis Tests to Compare Paired Groups
Performing the Paired-Difference t -test
Performing the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
Summary
Chapter 8 Comparing Two Independent Groups
Deciding between Independent and Paired Groups
Summarizing Data
Building Hypothesis Tests to Compare Two Independent Groups
Performing the Two-Sample t -test
Performing the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
Summary
Chapter 9 Comparing More Than Two Groups
Summarizing Data from Multiple Groups
Building Hypothesis Tests to Compare More Than Two Groups
Performing a One-Way ANOVA
Analysis of Variance with Unequal Variances
Summarizing PROC ANOVA
Performing a Kruskal-Wallis Test
Understanding Multiple Comparison Procedures
Summarizing with an Example
Summary
Part 4 Fitting Lines to Data
Chapter 10 Understanding Correlation and Regression
Summarizing Multiple Continuous Variables
Calculating Correlation Coefficients
Performing Straight-Line Regression
Fitting a Straight Line with PROC REG
Fitting Curves
Regression for Multiple Independent Variables
Summary
Special Topic: Line Printer Plots
Chapter 11 Performing Basic Regression Diagnostics
Concepts in Plotting Residuals
Creating Residuals Plots for the Kilowatt Data
Creating Residuals Plots for the Engine Data
Looking for Outliers in the Data
Investigating Lack of Fit
Testing the Regression Assumption for Errors
Summary
Special Topic: Creating Diagnostic Plots with Traditional Graphics and Line Printer Plots
Special Topic: Automatic ODS Graphics
Part 5 Data in Summary Tables
Chapter 12 Creating and Analyzing Contingency Tables
Defining Contingency Tables
Summarizing Raw Data in Tables
Creating Contingency Tables from an Existing Summary Table
Creating Contingency Tables for Several Variables
Performing Tests for Independence
Creating Measures of Association with Ordinal Variables
Summarizing Analyses with PROC FREQ
Summary
Special Topic: ODS Graphics
Appendix 1 Further Reading
Appendix 2 Summary of SAS Elements and Chapters
Appendix 3 Introducing the SAS Windowing Environment
Appendix 4 Overview of SAS Enterprise Guide
Index
Acknowledgments
Most authors would tell you that writing a book involves a large support team, and this book is no exception. Many people contributed in many ways to this book. Thank you to the individuals and publishing companies who gave permission to use their data in the examples. Special thanks go to the reviewers who took time away from their jobs and families to provide detailed comments. I am grateful for your revisions to text, corrections to statistical and SAS discussions, and suggestions for topics to include or omit. Thanks to Dr. Julie Jones, who ran all the SAS programs, and provided her perspective as a statistician and as a programmer. Thanks to the anonymous industry, academic, and SAS reviewers. Your feedback improved the book.
This book started as the third edition of the SAS System for Elementary Statistical Analysis , which Dr. Ramon Littell coauthored. Initially, he planned to coauthor this book as well, but found that his consulting projects did not allow time to focus on the book. I first worked with him as a graduate student, and am, as ever, grateful for his insight and input on this book. He generously agreed to give permission to use the data from our previous book.
After all of the text is written, and all of the software screen captures are complete, a SAS Press book still involves the efforts of many people before it is published. Thanks to George McDaniel, Acquisitions Editor, for shepherding the book through every stage of the publishing process. Thanks to Amy Wolfe, Technical Editor, who I specifically requested after our last successful effort together, for correcting mistakes (any remaining are mine, Amy!) and learning some statistics along the way. Thanks to Jennifer Dilley, Technical Publishing Specialist, who created several of the figures. Thanks to Patrice Cherry, Designer, for the cover design, and to Galen Koch for producing the photo. Thanks to Candy Farrell, Technical Publishing Specialist; Shelly Goodin and Stacey Hamilton, Marketing Specialists; and Mary Beth Steinbach, Managing Editor.
Finally, a special thank you goes to my husband, Galen Koch, for his patience and support.
Part 1 The Basics
Chapter 1 Getting Started
Chapter 2 Creating SAS Data Sets
Chapter 3 Importing Data
Chapter 4 Summarizing Data
Chapter 1 Getting Started
Elementary Statistics Using SAS helps you analyze your data in SAS. This chapter discusses the following topics: gives an overview of the book that explains the purpose, audience, organization, and how to use the book introduces basic concepts for using SAS describes how to start SAS, get help, and exit gives a simple example of using SAS introduces several SAS statements
Introducing This Book
Purpose
Audience
What This Book Is and Isn t
How This Book Is Organized
Typographic Conventions
How to Use This Book
Introducing SAS Software
Working wi