Shared Waters, Shared Opportunities

Description

The importance of watercourses to human life and development cannot be overemphasised. From communication, trade, agriculture and the location of human settlements, they have played an immeasurable role. Almost 60% of Africa lies within shared rivers and lake basins. The Nile is shared by more than seven nations, the Zambezi by six, and the Congo by nine. With populations on the rise, many countries have been labeled �water scarce� nations, and in fifteen years it is predicted that many people on earth will be exposed to water shortage consequences such as famine and disease. Thirteen African nations already suffer �water stress� and soon another twelve will join the list unless something is done to thwart the problem. On March 20, 2009 in Nairobi, Hekima College collaborated with Jesuit Hakimani Centre and the French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA) to host the Hekima College Water Day Academic Seminar with the theme �Shared Waters, Shared Opportunities�. This book is the result of critical research and presentations by internationally renowned scholars, researchers and experts, and students of the Institute of Peace Studies and International Relations�Hekima College. For most of 2009 Kenya suffered severe problems caused by flooding which took many lives and destroyed homes and important infrastructures. It highlighted the issues of water management and water conflicts, not only in Kenya but in other parts of East Africa, as it was made abundantly clear that not only scarcity of water, but excess water, incorrectly managed, can be disastrous. This timely, scholarly book presents discussions of the issues which underlie the major water crises in the region. They open the debate into the water problems of Kenya and East Africa in an effort to join the global campaign to find solutions to these difficulties.

Informations

• Publié par: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers
• Date de parution: 25 octobre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9789987081349
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 9 Mo

Extrait

The importance of watercourses to human life and development cannot be overemphasised. From communication, trade, agriculture and the location of human settlements, they have played an immeasurable role. Almost 60% of Africa lies within shared rivers and lake basins. The Nile is shared by more than seven nations, the Zam bezi by six, and the Congo by nine. With populations on the rise, many countries have bee n labeled Ǯwater scarceǯ nations, and in ϐifteen years it is predicted that many people on earth will be exposed to water shortage consequences such as famine and disease. Thirteen African nations already suffer Ǯwater stressǯ and soon another twelve will oin the list unless something is done to thwart the problem.

On March 20, 2009 in Nairobi, (ekima College collaborated with Jesuit (akimani Centre and the French )nstitute for Research in Africa ȋ)FRAȌ to host the (ekima College Water Day Academic Seminar with the theme DzShared Waters, Shared Opportunitiesdz. This book is the result of critical research and presentations by interna tionally renowned scholars, researchers and experts, and students of the )nstitute of Peace Studies and )nternational Relations—(ekima College.

For most of 2009 Kenya suffered severe problems caused by ϐlood ing which took many lives and destroyed homes and important infrastructures. )t highlighted the issues of water management and water conϐlicts, not only in Kenya but in other parts of East Africa, as it was made abundantly clear that not only scarcity of water, but excess water, incorrectly managed, can be disastrous.

This timely, scholarly book presents discussions of the issues which underlie the maor water crises in the region. They open the debate into the water problems of Kenya and East Africa in an effort to oin the global campaign to ϐind solutions to these difϐiculties.

is a regional research institute working in Eastern Africa, under the auspices of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. )t offers a research platform run by a team of about ten persons, whose role is to support work and exchange of information in social sciences and humanities. )FRA therefore contributes in promoting various scientiϐic and scholarly works in East Africa ȋKenya, Tanzania, and UgandaȌ by favouring a multi-disciplinary approach.

 is a social think-tank of the Jesuit Fathers Registered Trustees of Eastern Africa. The name (akimani conϐlates two Kiswahili wordsǣ (aki ȋusticeȌ and )mani ȋfaithȌ, both leading to Amani ȋpeaceȌ. The research oriented institution combines religious, public and African values, human rights, legal services, advocacy, research, peacebuilding, healing and reconciliation.

Shared Waters, Shared Opportunities: Hydropolitics in East Africa

Edited By: Bernard Calas & C.A. Mumma Martinon

SHARED WATERS, SHARED OPPORTUNITIES

Hydropolitics in East Africa

SHARED WATERS, SHARED OPPORTUNITIES

Hydropolitics in East Africa

Bernard Calas & C.A. Mumma Martinon

French Institute for Research in Africa Jesuit Hakimani Centre Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Limited

Published by: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd. P. O. Box 4246 Dar es Salam, Tanzania www.mkukinanyota.com

French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA) P.O.Box 58480  00200, Nairobi, Kenya. www.ifranairobi.net

Jesuit Hakimani Centre (JHC) P.O.Box 214  00625, Nairobi, Kenya. www.jesuithakimani.org

© IFRA, 2010

Maps: Amélie Desgroppes

ISBN 9789987080922

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means  mechanical, via photocopying, recording, or otherwise  without the prior permission of French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA) and Jesuit Hakimani Centre (JHC). Statements and views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA) and Jesuit Hakimani Centre (JHC).

Dedication

Contents

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Introduction

1.1

1.2

1.3.

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SECTION ONE

Conflicts and Management

Competing Models of Water Resource Management and Their Implications Using the Example of Pangani River Basin in Tanzania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . By Matthias Tagseth and Haakon Lein

Transboundary River Basins

I. Hydropolitics in the Horn of Africa: Conflicts and  Cooperation in the Juba and Shabelle Rivers . . . . . . . 37 By Abdullahi Elmi Mohamed and Hussien M. Iman II. Nile Basin Initiative: A Possibility of Turning  Conflicts into Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 By C.A. Mumma Martinon III. Managing Transboundary Water Conflicts on  Lake Victoria with Reference to Kenya, Uganda  and Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 By Kakeeto Augustine Richard, Hope T. Chichaya,  Andrea Nicodemo and Catherine N. Ndungu IV. An Attempt Towards Management: An Examination  of the Existing Institutional Frameworks in the  Lake Victoria Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 By Daniel Peter Lesooni and Ochwoto Christopher Ogachi National Waters

I.

II.

Kenya National Water Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 By Silas Mutia M’Nyiri

Water Sector Reforms in Kenya: Institutional Setup, Impact and Challenges in Urban Water Supply. . . . . . 97 By Samuel O. Owuor

2.1 2.2

SECTION TWO

Management and Practices

Urban Water I. Strategies for Industrial Water Management in Kenya:  Loopholes in the Existing Institutional Arrangement . . . . . 115 By Dr. Joseph Onjala II. The Setbacks of Mismanaged Urbanisation:  Pollution of Rivers in Nairobi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 By Dr. Mathieu Mérino III. The Potential of Grassroots Leadership in  Water Management in Fringe Communities:  The Case of Dar es Salaam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 By Dr. Alphonce G. Kyessi IV. Water Vending in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . 173 By Dr. Marianne Kjellén Irrigation I. Local Irrigation Projects in NorthWestern Kenya,  Conceptual Frameworks and Development Practices:  The Missing Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 By Dr. Jean Huchon and Dr. Janick Maisonhaute II. A Happy Marriage of Traditional and Modern  Knowledge  Shallow Wells: A Sustainable and  Inexpensive Alternative to Boreholes in Kenya? . . . . . . . . 201 By Prof. Marcel Rutten III. The LargeScale Irrigation Potential of the Lower Rufiji  Floodplain (Tanzania): Reality or Persistent Myth? . . . . . . 219 By Dr. Stéphanie Duvail, Dr. Olivier Hamerlynck,  Dr. Heather Hoag, Prof. Pius Yanda and Dr. JeanLuc Paul IV. Irrigation among the Chagga in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania:  The Organisation of Mfongo Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 By Matthias Tagseth V. The Importance of Flexibility: An Analysis of the  LargeScale Tana Delta Irrigation Project (TDIP)  in Kenya, Implemented Under an Estate System . . . . . . . 261  By Delphine Lebrun, Dr. Olivier Hamerlynck,  Stéphanie Duvail and Dr. Judith Nyunja

vi

With deep respect, For Prof. JeanPierre RAISON of Nanterre University, France.

vii

Acknowledgements

Profound appreciation to the following persons who greatly assisted in the realisation of this publication.

For editorial work:

Zacharia Chiliswa Ndanu Mung’ala Delphine Lebrun Julie Houpon

For design and Layout:

Zacharia Chiliswa

For maps:

Amélie Desgroppes

And to all IFRA staff for the valuable support they offered, in their various capacities, during this project.

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List of Contributors

Prof Bernard Calas, [e-mail] Geographer & Professor, University of Michel de Montaigne  Bordeaux 3, UMR ADESDyMSET, France

Dr. C.A. Mumma Martinon, [e-mail], Conflict Prevention Analyst, International Peace Support Training Centre (IPSTC)Westwood Park Karen  UNDP, Kenya

Abdullahi Elmi Mohamed , [e-mail], Somali Centre for Water and Environment (SCWE), Mogadishu University (MU), Mogadishu, Somalia

Hussien M. Iman, husseinimaan@yahoo. com, Somali Centre for Water and Environment (SCWE), Mogadishu University (MU), Mogadishu, Somalia

Kakeeto Augustine Richard, [e-mail].

Hope T. Chichaya,htchichaya@yahoo. co.uk.

Andrea Nicodemo, soliana2002@yahoo. com.

Catherine N. Ndungu, catherine_ngigi@ yahoo.com.au.

Daniel Peter Lesooni, peterdanleso@ yahoo.com.

Ochwoto Christopher Ogachi, [e-mail].

Matthias Tagseth, mattias.tagseth@svt. ntnu.no, Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N7491 Trondheim, Norway

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Haakon Lein, [e-mail], Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N7491 Trondheim, Norway

Silas Mutia M’Nyiri, silasmutia@yahoo. co.uk Chief chemist, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Nairobi, Kenya

Samuel O. Owuor, samowuor@yahoo. com,

Senior Lecturer Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya

Dr. Joseph Onjala, [e-mail] / [e-mail], Research Fellow at the Institute for Development Studies (IDS), University of Nairobi, Kenya

Dr. Mathieu Mérino, mateu.merino@ voila.fr, Researcher associated with the Center for Research and Studies in Africa (CREPAO), University of Pau, France

Dr. Alphonce G. Kyessi, [e-mail], Research Fellow in the Institute of Human Settlement Studies, College of Lands and Architectural Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Dr. Marianne Kjellén,marianne.kjellen@ humangeo.su.se Research Fellow at the Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden

Dr. Jean Huchon,[e-mail] Researcher, Institute of Research for Development (IRD), Marseille, France

Dr. Janick Maisonhaute, janick. [e-mail] Researcher CNRS