Reproductive Health, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Africa

Aziza

Description

This volume contains framework papers prepared for a collaborative research project on Reproductive Health, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Africa, an initiative of the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC). Taken together, the chapters in this book make a compelling argument that improvement in reproductive health is key to raising household incomes and to reducing poverty. the books reveals that the triple phenomena of better reproductive health, economic growth, and declining poverty, are likely to be found in an environment in which labour and product markets function. Further, a macroeconomic framework that encourages domestic and foreign investments and promotes social protection for current and future generations is essential.

Informations

• Publié par: University of Nairobi Press
• Date de parution: 29 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9789966792464
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

Reproductive Health, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Africa

Frameworks of Analysis

Reproductive Health, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Africa

Frameworks of Analysis Edited by Olu Ajakaiye Germano Mwabu

University of Nairobi Press

African Economic Research Consortium

First published 2010 by University of Nairobi Press (UONP) Jomo Kenyatta Memorial Library University of Nairobi P.O. Box 30197 – 00100 Nairobi E-mail:[e-mail] Website:www.uonbi.ac.ke/press

©

The University of Nairobi Press and African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) 2010

The moral rights of the authors have been asserted.

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University of Nairobi Library CIP Data Reproductive health, economic growth and poverty reduction in Africa / ed. by Olu Ajakaiye and Gemano Mwabu. 434 pp  1. Reproductive health -- Africa 2. Family planning -- Africa -- Evaluation. 3. Poverty – Africa. HQ 766.5.A35 R37

ISBN 9966-846-85-9

Printed by

English Press Limited P.O. Box 30127 – 00100 GPO Nairobi

Table of Contents

ListofTables..................................................................................................................vii List of Figures ...............................................................................................................viii ListofBoxes..................................................................................................................viii Abbreviations and Acronyms ..........................................................................................ix List of Contributors .......................................................................................................xiii Foreword........................................................................................................................ xv Preface ......................................................................................................................... xvii

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

PART I:

INTRODUCTION

1

Overview: The State of Reproductive Health in Africa Germano Mwabu and Olu Ajakaiye ......................................................................3

Population Dynamics: Demographic Concepts and Processes J. Patrick Sevilla....................................................................................................9

PART II:

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES

35

The Demand for Reproductive Health Services: Frameworks of Analysis Olu Ajakaiye and Germano Mwabu ....................................................................37

Provision and Organisation of Reproductive Health Services in Sub-Saharan Africa Joseph K. Wang’ombe and Mercy G. Mugo........................................................73

Financing Reproductive Health Services in Africa: The Role of Aid, Insurance, User fees and General Taxation Nana Enyimayew...............................................................................................107

Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Construction of Reproductive Health Accounts in Africa Adedoyin Soyibo and Olakunle Odumosu .........................................................121

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

PART III:

LINKING REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH TO GROWTH AND POVERTY

193

Demography, Growth, Income Distribution and Poverty: A Survey of Interrelationships Ali Abdel Gadir Ali ...........................................................................................191

Macro Perspectives on the Impact of Demographics on Growth, Income Distribution and Poverty J. Patrick Sevilla ...............................................................................................217

Realising the Demographic Dividend: Is Africa Any Different? David E. Bloom, David Canning, Günther Fink and Jocelyn Finlay ...............235

Reproductive Health Behaviour, HIV/AIDS and Poverty in Africa Peter Glick ........................................................................................................251

The Relationship Between Poverty and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa Chad D. Meyerhoefer and David E. Sahn ........................................................323

Women’s Labour Market Choices: Fertility, Poverty and Demographic Linkages Stephen D. Younger ..........................................................................................373

Estimating Returns to Reproductive Health Investments Germano Mwabu ..............................................................................................397

Index ................................................................................................................................. 413

vi

List of Tables

Table 2.1: Population by development group and major areas ........................................12 Table 3.1: Estimates of a linear reproduction technology of a couple’s children ............54 Table 3.2: Own price elasticities of demand in Tanzania ................................................55 Table 3.3: Estimation of vaccination demand and birth weight functions under different assumptions............................................................................61 Table 3.4: A linear probability model of demand for tetanus vaccination.......................63 Table 3.5: Estimation of birth weight production functions using the control function approach, by residential area and household income ...........64 Table 3.A1: Descriptive statistics, selected sample ............................................................72 Table 3.A2: Descriptive statistics, full sample ...................................................................72 Table 5.1: Range of reproductive health services ..........................................................108 Table 5.2: Per capita cost estimates for reproductive health services ............................108 Table 5.3: Distribution of global expenditure on health by mode of financing .............109 Table 5.4: Relationship between national income, maternal and infant mortalityrates...............................................................................................110 Table 6.1: A sample NHA matrix: Sources by financing agents ...................................132 Table 6.2: A sample NHA matrix: Financing agents by providers................................132 Table 6.3: 1998 NHA matrixs: Sources to financing agents..........................................163 Table 6.4: 1998 NHA matrix: Financing agents by providers .......................................164 Table 6.5: Characteristics and trend of health expenditure in Nigeria...........................164 Table 6.A1: WHO classification of financing sources .....................................................172 Table 6.A2: OECD classification of financing agents......................................................172 Table 6.A3: Classification scheme for providers..............................................................173 Table 6.A4: WHO’s global burden of disease classification scheme ...............................174 Table 7.1: The interrelationship between demography and economic growth ..........................................................................................................198 Table 7.2: Demography and poverty: Eastwood and Lipton results ..............................201 Table 7.3: Population growth and the spread of poverty ..............................................203 Table 7.4: Population growth and the depth of poverty ................................................205 Table 7.5: Demographic variables and poverty profiles in sub-Saharan Africa ............209 Table 9.1: Descriptive statistics by subsamples.............................................................240 Table 9.2: Economic growth and the demographic dividend ........................................241 Table 9.3: Institutional development: Sub-Saharan countries .......................................244

Table 9.4: Table 13.1: Table 13.2:

Forecasted growth in the working age population: institutional ranking ..... 246 Instruments for endogenous health capital variables.................................... 408 Returns to health capital in Ghana ............................................................... 408

List of Figures

Figure 2.1: Population growth pyramids, by development group, 2005........................... 16 Figure 4.1: Reproductive health service provision models............................................... 76 Figure 6.1: Actors and flows in RHA ............................................................................. 145 Figure 8.1: IMR and TFR, by region, 1950–1990 .......................................................... 220 Figure 8.2: Population growth trends, 1950–1990.......................................................... 220 Figure 8.3: Youth dependency and young adult relative cohort size .............................. 221 Figure 9.1: Growth in working age share and economic growth 1980–2000 ................. 243 Figure 10.1: Inter-relationships between poverty, reproductive health and HIV/AIDS ... 252 Figure 12.1: Modelling labour market, fertility and child investment choices ................. 379

List of Boxes

Box 2.1: Box 5.1: Box 5.2: Box 5.3:

The concept of demographic transition .......................................................... 18 Effect of user fees on utilisation of health services ...................................... 112 Types of insurance programmes .................................................................. 112 National health insurance and management of mutual health organisations in Ghana ................................................................................. 113

viii

Abbreviations and Acronyms

2SLS 3SLS ABC ACDIS AERC AIDS AIS ANC ANRS ART ARVs BCG BMI CBD CBR CDR CFR COPE CYPs DAC DALYs DHS DID DPT DRC DT EPI EPP FA FBO FGI FGM

Two-stage least squares Three-stage least squares Abstain, Be Faithful, Use Condoms Africa Centre Demographic Information System African Economic Research Consortium Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS Indicator Survey Antenatal Clinic Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA Anti-Retroviral Therapy Anti-Retroviral Drugs Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Body Mass Index Community-based Distribution Crude Birth Rate Crude Death Rate Cohort Fertility Rate Client Oriented/Provider Efficient Couple Years of Protection Development Assistance Committee (of the OECD) Disability Adjusted Life Years Demographic and Health Survey Difference-in-difference Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus vaccine Democratic Republic of Congo Diphtheria and Tetanus Expanded Programme on Immunisation Epidemiological Programme Package Financing Agents Faith-based Organisation Futures Group International Female Genital Mutilation