Int. Law: Rev. Colomb. Derecho Int. Bogotá (Colombia) N° 10: 75-130, noviembre de 2007. ISSN:1692-8156. ENvIroNmENtal DEgraDatIoN. aND HumaN rIgHtS ...
ENvIroN ENt lDEgr D tIoN NDHu NrIgHtS buSES: DoEStHErEfugEE oNvENtIoN oNfEr protE tIoNtoENvIroN ENt lrEfugEES
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u E , de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, máster en derecho público e internacional de u , .D D I u . : . . . . .
Int. Law: Rev. Colomb. Derecho Int. Bogotá (Colombia) N° 10: 75-130, noviembre de 2007
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extend the definition of refugee to one that encompasses those . t challenge is to interpret the refugee’s definition in a suitable way that accommodates or include current refugee flows. t v , r , refugees and therefore fulfill the objectives and purposes of .
K y : ; ; ; r ;r .
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E i t ti i t it i i t t ti , i i t . L i t i i i t i t i i i i t t t i i t i . E las compañías transnacionales ocasiona la significativa i i t , t i y , i , i . L i i t no tienen un estatus oficialmente reconocido, y por ende t i . E t t ti i ti y t t i
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t i i t ti iiiiititii.E i i i I t i xt definición acerca del concepto que se tiene de refugiado, t y t i t t i t i ti i . E t , , i t t i , i i Vi , t i t i t y ti t i t t i ti y defienda los derechos de las víctimas que cruzan fronteras t i i , t ti y propósitos que linearon la filosofía de la Convención sobre E t t t R i .
p : ti i i E t t t R i i t t y i t i i t t i i E t t t R i i i t .
The twenty-first century should bring new challenges to the r . I .g H SW W , r before January 1951. Later, due to the existence of new refugee , S p 1967p .t u N , u
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D H r (DHr) 19 8 r (r ) 1951 . t DHrr . t , although many past conflicts were essentially “environmental” insofar .I 1 1960 significant proliferation of violation of rights caused by environmental conflicts. Thus, in 1972 at the United Nations Conference on Human E (S ), environment might constitute a precondition for the enjoyment of certain human rights: “[M]an has the fundamental right to freedom, , ,that permits life of dignity and well being” 2 . K t , u NEnvironment Program, the “[s]wollen ranks of environmental refugees could double to 50 million in just eight years time. That is an increase of 8,500 a day” 3 . In 1998, for the first time in recorded , other conflicts. Thereby, The World Bank estimated that in 1998 25 , . , u K r 58% 3 . I , 250 .
1 , E i t Ri t iti P ti , .1,uS ,p p ,1998,.153 218. 2 I ,.213. 3 u N r 200 ,r D , :// . . 4 Mark Townsend, “Environmental Refugees”, T E i t M i ,uS ,1992, .28,http://www.theecologist.org
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135 desertification, and some experts predict that up to 100 million of 5 . number of people migrating for environmental reasons is difficult to ,N , o u ,in 1996 that twenty-five million people were environmentally , . H 2010more significant, leading to as many as 150 million environmentally 2050.E . g . E , , , .Ecategorized by two basic criteria. The first category is comprised by the environment, or environmental stress. This classification applies , ; , ; , . t , . t .E dams, deforestation, desertification and the human actions of the . I , . , .t
5 Jean Lambert, “The Environment and Migration: What Response”, i L J ,f 2002,.320.
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. , , 6 . t . E ,influenced and forced to move by both the decreasing quality of life , ( ). Consequently, the indigenous communities are forced to flee without , .W ,turn into major sources of global instability. t . t : , 7 .I globalization, transnational corporations (“TNCs”) have grown in number and in power. A significant portion of modern economic tN ,profit, move to developing countries. TNCs “[h]ave increased the to humans” 8 .
6 Ruth E. Baker, “Determination of Environmental Refugees: Cases for Inclusion and Expansion”, M t E i t R i N . 18,E S p ,S 182001,.20 56, :// . . / / E r / . 7 u N , g E f : r 23, g u N E p ,uS ,2000,.8 17, :// . . /D . /D . D ID= 3& ID=28&8 AlisonShinsato, “Increasing the Accountability of Transnational Corporations for Environmental Harms: The Petroleum Industry in Nigeria”, t t U i ity
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u , tN . I , , . t , ;requirement leads courts and commissions into an undefined area . t r 1951 1967p . Ir / .o , the environment to achieve the full enjoyment of the human rights. Few are the issues of major concern in the international agenda as . t W ; u N E D (Rio de Janeiro 1992), the II Universal Conference on Human r (v 1993), I p D ( 199 ), II HS (H II,I 1996) 9 . This essay focuses on the Amazon Jungle (Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and Brazil) as a specific example of environmental
J I t ti H Ri t , ,2005,.1 16. http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/jihr/v4/n1/1 9 p o S , “‘A New Development Strategy for the Americas’: A Human Rights and the Environment Perspective”, H r E , ,2002,.5 17, http://www. oas.org/consejo/cajp/docs/cp09473e04.doc
Int. Law: Rev. Colomb. Derecho Int. Bogotá (Colombia) N° 10: 75-130, noviembre de 2007