L'édition dans les pays persanophones - Etude de l'AIEI avril 2015

Informations

• Publié par: ActuaLitte.com
• Publié le: 20 avril 2015
• Nombre de lectures: 152
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Publishing in Persian language
in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Europe
and United States
Farid Moradi, Laetitia Nanquette,
Masoud Hosseinipour, Ali Amiri, Dilshad
Rakhimov, B. Biniaz
International Alliance of independent publishers
Collection État des lieux de l’éditionPublishing in Persian language
In Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Europe and United
States.
Authors: Farid Moradi, Laetitia Nanquette, Ali Amiri,
Dilshad Rakhimov, Massoud Hosseinipour, B. Biniaz
Translators: Bita Mafzadeh and Faez Robinson
Cover designe: Ali Chakav
First edition, Summer 2013
Publisher: International Alliance of independent publishers
www.alliance-editeurs.org
Digital Edition: www.naakojaa.com
ISBN: 978-2-9519747-7-7 (Persian version)
ISBN: 978-2-9519747-8-4 (English version)
A special thanks to Sonbol Bahmanyar for her sincere cooperation
in the implementation of this research project. We also would like to
thank every Persian language publisher who worked on this project
and the Prince Claus Fund for providing us fnancial support.

Cette étude est en libre accès, sous format PDF et ePub, en persan et en anglais. Elle a
reçu le soutien de la Fondation Prince Claus et de l’Alliance internationale des éditeurs
indépendants.Contents
Introduction 5
History of book Publishing in Iran 19
A review of the independent book publishing in Iran 41
The structure of book publishing industry in Iran 57
Cultural and translation exchanges between Iran and the West 111
Publishing Persian Books in Europe 131
Summary of Interviews with Iranian publishers in Europe 163
Publishing Persian Books in the United States 166
Publishing in Afghanistan 185
A review of publishing in Tajikistan 210
Publication of Persian books in Uzbekistan 232
References 239Introduction
B. Biniaz
Typesetting and printing industry was invented in China around 1050
AD by a man named Bi Sheng who used movable characters of clay.
This technique was in use until woodblock printing became popular, and
it created the basis for industrial printing. When the printing industry
found its way to Europe years later, it was revolutionized in 1440 by
using moveable characters of an alloy and a new formulation for ink
by Johannes Gensfeisch, known as Gutenberg, from Mainz Germany.
Such printing techniques became the core of the Renaissance and
provided citizens of Europe with reading and writing opportunities
that were previously exclusive to the aristocrats. However, this modern
industry was still very expensive for the majority of people so only the
bourgeoisie could afford it. Around 300 years after the invention of
Gutenberg’s printing technique, in 1798 another German named Alios
Senefelder invented lithography. This technique was much cheaper
than Gutenberg’s technique, was easier to use and made colour printing
possible.
Lithography was the main printing technique in Europe and Germany Publishing in Persian language
until the beginning of the 1920s. Lithography is a word borrowed
from Greek language; Lithos means “Stone” and Graphein means “To
Write”. Images or words were drawn in reverse (as their mirror image)
on a particular stone, for example on limestone, and then through a
chemical process were cleaned on all sides by lithographs. This basic
raised mould along with ink and pressure made printing cheaper.
Although Gutenberg’s printing technique was in use in India and
Ottoman territory since 1730, the growth in book printing in Europe
and the Middle East (India, Ottoman territory and Persia) owed more
to using Senefelder’s lithography rather than Gutenberg’s printing
technique.
In the beginning, books written in Persian were published using
these methods in India, Ottoman territory, Egypt and some European
countries, but not in Iran. The oldest books in Persian published using
Gutenberg’s printing technique were produced in 1639 by a Dutch
named Ludovicus de Dieu (1590-1642) in Leiden, Holland, after the
death of Shah Abbas I (1629). These two books were “Jesus Story”
and “St. Pedro Story”. The frst printing house for publishing Persian
books was established in 1810 in Calcutta, India, by the British using
Gutenberg’s printing technique. This was more diffcult and more
expensive than lithography. Therefore, the prices were too high for
even middle-class people to afford. During the Qajar dynast, according
to Raphael du Mans, “Since the printing industry is not in use in Iran,
books are very expensive. Books are priced based on the number of
lines and the content of the books has no effect. A book with a thousand
6Publishing in Persian language
lines is worth two Abbasi. If it is written in calligraphy, it will worth
up to fve Abbasi”. (Bahman Ibrahimi, Resaneh-haye Nowin Website)
As mentioned before Gutenberg printing technique was both more
diffcult and more expensive than lithography. In 1640, during the
Safavie era, an Armenian merchant brought the frst printing machine
to Iran (Jolfa-Isfahan) and later on during Qajar dynasty and under
Naseredin Shah’s rule (1831-1896), printing machines with lead letters
were purchased. Both of these attempts used Gutenberg’s printing
techniques and did not progress.
27 years after the invention of lithography by Germans, this industry
found its way to Iran in 1825 for the frst time when Mirza Jafar Tabrizi
introduced lithography in Tabriz and then it moved to Tehran, Isfahan,
Shiraz, Urmiyah and other cities (Same Source). Since this technology
was easy to use and cheap, it soon became popular in Iran. Divan of
Hafez (Hafez’s love poem collection) was frst published in Tehran using
lithography techniques (1838). Afghanistan started to use this printing
technology in the reign of Amir Shirali Khan (1863-1880), almost 40
years after Iran. According to historical documents, in the reign of Amir
Shirali Khan, there were two other printing houses using lithography
technique near Shams Al-nahar in Kabul. But due to political reasons
and lack of a powerful central government in Afghanistan, this process
did not develop.
In Tajikistan a series of periodicals and newspapers were published in
Persian between 1912 and 1913 and the Soviet Council Government
introduced industrialized printing. “The frst governmental printing
7Publishing in Persian language
house in Tajikistan was established in 1925 in Samarkand. The reason
was that from 1924 to 1929, Tajikistan was like an autonomous republic
in Uzbekistan” (Same Source) But sadly, due to the nationalistic policies
of the Soviet authorities, publishing in the Persian language was banned.
However, after Tajikistan independence in 1991, newspapers and
periodicals in Tajik (Persian Tajik) and Cyrillic script were published
once again. Although Tajiki is linguisticly a dialect of Persian, the
governers of this country consider it different from Persian.
During Mozafar Al-din Shah’s reign (1835-1907), some Iranian
cultural fgures such as Haj Mohammad Hossein Amin Al-zarb, Yahya
Dowlat Abadi, Mirza Hassan Roshdiyeh, Mirza Alikhan Amin
Aldoleh and Ehtesham Al-saltaneh, established a company named “Tabe
Ketab”. Mohammad Ali Foroughi served as its director and some books
were published in this printing house such as “The History of Iran” by
Foroughi and “Ali” by Yahya Dowlat Abadi. However the publishing
house did not last long because of the disputes between the founders,
and was disbanded afterwards.
In 1923, Mohammad Ramezani, a nineteen year old, launched
“Sharq Library” which published literary magazines. At frst,
NasrAllah Falsaf and then Saeid Nafsi were the editors of these literary
magazines. These literary and cultural magazines attracted translators
and authors such as Saeid Nafsi, Parviz Khanlari, Sadegh Hedayat,
Bozorg Alavi and Nasr-Allah Falsaf.
Until the reign of Reza Shah (1925-1941), the printing industry was
mostly under the control of the government or governmental institutes
8Publishing in Persian language
in Iran with a few exceptions mentioned above. However during this
era some Iranian merchants who were buying Persian books from
countries such as Egypt, Turkey and India and selling them in Iran
got interested in the printing industry and evaluated it as a source of
income.
Since then, the following modern and legal publishing institutes were
launched: “Khayam Library” under the management of Mohammad
Ali Taraghi 1925; “Broukhim Library” under the management of
Eshaq and Yahouda Broukhim 1927; “Ibn-e Sina Library” under the
management of Ibrahim Ramezani 1930; “Scientifc Publications”
under the management of Haj Esmaeili Elmi 1932; and “Eghbal
Library” under the management of Haj Mohammad Hossein Eqbal
1935. These companies were the major publishers during Reza Shah’s
reign (Same Source).
Considering the historical events of printing and publishing industry in
Iran, its history of printing can be divided into the following categories:
1. 1825-1923
This period can be called the establishment of the printing and
publishing industry in Iran. During this period, the driving force for the
establishment