Climate Change - White Paper - Issues and Options for ...

Pete Erickson

Sujets

• Épaney
• Facility Management
• Energy de l'Iowa
• FK Cementarnica 55 Skopje
• Allocation parentale d'éducation en France
• Productique

Informations

• Publié par: Asla
• Nombre de lectures: 81
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

White Paper Issues and Options for Benchmarking Industrial GHG Emissions Submitted to: the Washington State Department of Ecology June 30, 2010 With support from: Öko-Institut Ross & Associates Environmental Consulting, Ltd.  Acknowledgements Washington Department of Ecology Janice Adair Justin Brant Eli M. Levitt SEI-US Peter Erickson Michael Lazarus Öko-Institut Hauke Hermann Ross & Associates Environmental Consulting, Ltd. Tim Larson Bill Ross Amy Wheeless  A Note from the Department of Ecology Last year, Governor Christine Gregoire issued an Executive Order on Washington’s Leadership on Climate Change that directed this agency to work with businesses and other interested stakeholders to develop greenhouse gas (GHG) benchmarks. It called for us to support the use of benchmarks in any federal or regional GHG cap and trade program as a basis for distributing emissions allowances and as a means to recognize and reward those businesses that have made investments that have reduced GHG emissions. The Order also directed us to develop benchmarks that could be suitable for use as state emission standards. As we talked to stakeholders prior to starting the project, we quickly realized that we were not alone in having only a basic understanding of GHG benchmarks and benchmarking. Therefore, we designed a two- phase process. Phase I focused on educating all of us on the issues and options for developing GHG emission benchmarks, while Phase II will address the actual development of benchmarks for selected industries or activities. This White Paper represents the culmination of work under Phase I. To develop it, we contracted with the Seattle office of the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), a widely-respected international organization with two decades of experience on energy and climate analysis. SEI partnered with Ross & Associates Environmental Consulting, Ltd. to organize stakeholder interactions and facilitate public events, and with the Öko Institute to bring lessons and technical expertise from their cutting edge benchmarking work in Europe. Phase I began with a scoping memo, which provided background information, a workplan, and a timeline for the project, followed by a public webinar in February to discuss the scope and goals of the benchmarking effort. For the following three months, we and SEI spoke with, and received input from a variety of stakeholders as the first draft of the White Paper was coming together. In early May, SEI issued the draft version of the White Paper for public review. Two weeks later, we co-hosted an all-day symposium in Seattle with the Western Climate Initiative to present and discuss benchmarking issues with over 100 industry and government stakeholders from Washington State and across North America. We were delighted to have a diverse group of speakers from industry associations, academia, national and international research organizations, and local businesses. The symposium provided a unique opportunity for stakeholders and experts to share experiences with benchmarking, and ideas and perspectives on the role of benchmarks in addressing industrial greenhouse gas emissions. This final White Paper incorporates feedback from the symposium as well as from numerous stakeholders who submitted written comments. Throughout this work, I have been deeply impressed and gratified by the level of industry and other stakeholder engagement, and the valuable insights and suggestions they have made. Representatives of the following companies and organizations provided comments on earlier drafts of this White Paper: Alcoa, Ash Grove Cement Company, Cardinal Glass, Cement Association of Canada, Cogeneration Coalition of Washington, Holcim, Kaiser Aluminum, Kimberly Clark, Lafarge Cement, Longview Fibre, National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Northwest Food Processors Association, Northwest Pulp and Paper Association, Nucor Steel, Solvay Chemicals, TransCanada, and Weyerhaeuser. Their comments and  suggestions provided important observations and insights specific to particular industries and greatly improved the final White Paper. I would also like to thank the presenters and attendees at the benchmarking symposium held in Seattle, Washington on May 19, 2010, and to the Western Climate Initiative for co-hosting it. A report summarizing the presentations and dialogue is available at the Ecology benchmarking website: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/GHGbenchmarking.htm. Finally, I would like to thank Michael Lazarus and Pete Erickson from SEI as well as Bill Ross and Amy Wheeless with Ross and Associates. Their professionalism and organizational skills were unparalleled. They kept the project on track and on budget, and this White Paper is a testament to their good work. I would also like to thank the Energy Foundation for providing additional support for SEI’s research efforts. We will soon begin building on the Phase I findings to design a path forward for the development of benchmarks, and to develop specific recommendations on their appropriate use. The final section of this White Paper offers some very useful ideas on next steps. We are taking these ideas into consideration, and welcome input from citizens, businesses, and organizations across the State. I look forward to working with our state’s leading industries and other stakeholders to deliver on the Governor’s leadership in tackling one of the great challenges of our time. Janice Adair, Special Assistant to the Director Washington Department of Ecology  Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction and Context ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Benchmark Basics ...................................................................................... 4 Roadmap of the White Paper .................................................................... 5 2. Summary of Current Policy Approaches ................................................................................................................ 6 Voluntary Performance Goals................................................................................................ 6 Market-Based Approaches ........................................ 8 Emissions Performance Standards .......................................................... 14 Summary: Benchmarks in the Three Policy Approaches ........................................................................................ 19 3. Benchmark Construction: Issues and Options .................................................................................................... 19 Definition of Product or Activity Being Benchmarked ............................. 19 Measurement Protocol and Boundaries .................................................. 23 Units for Normalizing ............................................................................................................... 27 Benchmark Ambition ............................................... 28 Data Sources ............................................................................................................................................................ 30 How Different Policy Approaches Might Affect Benchmark Construction .............................. 33 4. Focus on Particular Industry Sectors ................................................................................................................... 35 Aluminum ................................................................................................ 37 Cement .................................................................................................... 39 Chemicals ................................................................................................. 41 Food Processing ....................................................................................................................... 42 Glass ......................................... 43 Pulp & Paper ............................................................................................................................ 45 Steel ......................................... 49 Alternative to Product Benchmarking: Heat Benchmarking .................................................................................... 52 5. Findings and Potential Next Steps ....................................................... 54 6. References Cited .................................................. 59 Issues and Options for Benchmarking Industrial GHG Emissions Stockholm Environment Institute – U.S.  Appendix A. Expected GHG Reporting Data ............................................................................................................... 64 Aluminum ................................................................................................................................................................ 65 Cement .................................... 66 Chemicals ................................................................................................. 69 Food Processors ....................................................................................................................... 69 Glass ......................................................................................................... 69 Pulp and Paper ......................................................................................... 70 Steel ......................................... 70 Heat ......................................................................... 71 Appendix