Development of optical sensors (optodes) for carbon dioxide and their application to modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Christoph Alexander Johannes von Bültzingslöwen

Scm18349

Informations

• Publié par: universitat_regensburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 8
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Development of Optical Sensors ("Optodes")
for Carbon Dioxide and their Application to
Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)



Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.)
an der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät IV – Chemie und Pharmazie
der Universität Regensburg







vorgelegt von
Christoph Alexander Johannes von Bültzingslöwen
aus Regensburg
2003


























Diese Arbeit wurde angeleitet von Prof. Dr. Otto Wolfbeis

Promotionsgesuch eingereicht am:
Tag des Kolloquiums:

Prüfungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. O. Reiser (Vorsitzender)
Prof. Dr. O. Wolfbeis
Prof. Dr. BMcCraith
N. N
Contents
Contents
Contents..............................................................................................I
Abbreviations and Symbols...............................................................IV
1. Introduction .............................................................................. 1
1.1. Modified Atmosphere Packaging ................................................. 1
1.2. Oxygen Optodes for MAP Analysis .............................................. 2
1.3. Carbon Dioxide Optodes ............................................................ 4
1.3.1. Wet Sensors........................................................................... 5
1.3.2. Solid Sensors ......................................................................... 6
1.3.3. MAP-Sensing Strategies .......................................................... 7
1.4. Sol-Gel Material 8
1.4.1. Hydrolysis and Condensation................................................... 9
1.4.2. Gelation............................................................................... 10
1.4.3. Aging................................................................................... 10
1.4.4. Drying ................................................................................. 12
1.5. Objectives 13
1.6. References.............................................................................. 14
2. Energy Transfer....................................................................... 17
2.1. Introduction............................................................................ 17
2.1.1. Phase-Domain Lifetime Measurement .................................... 17
2.1.2. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer .............................. 20
2.2. Experimental........................................................................... 23
2.2.1. pH-Indicator......................................................................... 23
2.2.2. Donor .................................................................................. 27
2.2.3. Base.................................................................................... 27
2.2.4. Preparation .......................................................................... 30
2.2.5. Instrumentation ................................................................... 31
2.3. Theory 32
2.4. Characterisation ...................................................................... 35
2.4.1. Sensitivity ............................................................................ 35
2.4.2. Temperature Dependence..................................................... 38
-I- Contents
2.4.3. Humidity Dependence........................................................... 40
2.4.4. Oxygen Cross-Sensitivity....................................................... 41
2.4.5. Results ................................................................................ 42
2.5. Improvement Strategies .......................................................... 43
2.6. Conclusion .............................................................................. 44
2.7. References 45
3. Dual Luminophore Referencing............................................... 47
3.1. DLR-Introduction..................................................................... 47
3.2. Experimental........................................................................... 51
3.2.1. pH-Indicator......................................................................... 51
3.2.2. Reference luminophore......................................................... 53
3.2.3. Base.................................................................................... 54
3.2.4. Preparation .......................................................................... 56
3.2.5. Instrumentation ................................................................... 56
3.3. Theory 57
3.3.1. Mathematical Description...................................................... 57
3.3.2. Simulation............................................................................ 59
3.4. Characterisation ...................................................................... 63
3.4.1. Sensitivity 63
3.4.2. Stability ............................................................................... 65
3.4.3. Temperature........................................................................ 66
3.4.4. Humidity.............................................................................. 68
3.4.5. Oxygen................................................................................ 69
3.4.6. Results 71
3.5. Conclusion 72
3.6. References 73
4. Materials and Characteriation................................................. 75
4.1. Introduction............................................................................ 75
4.1.1. Polymers.............................................................................. 75
4.1.2. Organically modified silica glasses ......................................... 76
4.2. Experimental........................................................................... 77
4.2.1. Energy Transfer Sensor ........................................................ 77
4.2.2. Dual Luminophore Referencing Sensor................................... 78
4.2.3. Instrumentation ................................................................... 78
-II- Contents
4.3. Characterisation ...................................................................... 79
4.3.1. Energy Transfer Sensor ........................................................ 79
4.3.2. Dual Luminophore Referencing Sensor................................... 81
4.4. Conclusion .............................................................................. 82
4.5. References 83
5. Sol-Gel Reference Particles..................................................... 84
5.1. Introduction............................................................................ 84
5.1.1. PAN-Particles ....................................................................... 84
5.1.2. Sol-gel particles.................................................................... 85
5.2. Experimental........................................................................... 87
5.2.1. Preparation .......................................................................... 87
5.2.2. Instrumentation ................................................................... 87
5.3. Characterisation ...................................................................... 88
5.3.1. Sensitivity ............................................................................ 88
5.3.2. Repeatability........................................................................ 90
5.3.3. Oxygen................................................................................ 92
5.3.4. Temperature 94
5.3.5. Results 95
5.4. Conclusion .............................................................................. 97
5.5. References 98
Summary .......................................................................................... 99
Zusammenfassung ......................................................................... 102
Curriculum Vitae ............................................................................ 105
Publications and Presentations ..................................................... 106
-III- Abbreviations and Symbols
Abbreviations and Symbols
CTA-OH Cetyl-trimethylammonium hydroxide
-D Deprotonated pH-indicator dye
DH Protonated pH-indicator dye
DLR Dual Luminophore Referencing
dm Demodulation
E Activation energy A
EtCell Ethyl cellulose
ETEOS Ethyltriethoxysilane
f Modulation frequency
FRET Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
HPTS 1-Hydroxypyrene-3,6,8-trisulfonate
I Luminescence intensity
J Spectral overlap integral
J Spectral overlap integral when dye is completely protonated 0
K Equilibrium constant
K Stern-Volmer constant SV
LED Light emitting diode
LOD Limit of detection
MAP Modified atmosphere packaging
MTEOS Methyltriethoxysilane
Ormosil Organically modified silica glass
PAN Poly(acrylonitrile)
pCO Partial pressure of carbon dioxide 2
PET Photo-induced electron transfer
pO Partial pressure of oxygen 2
poly(HEMA) Hydrophilic polymer poly(hydroxyethyl