Magmatism and metallogeny of the Astaneh-Nezam Abad Area, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, West-Central Iran [Elektronische Ressource] / submitted by Mohammad Ali Nekouvaght Tak

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Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_clausthal
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 113
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 16 Mo

Extrait

Magmatism and Metallogeny of the Astaneh-Nezam Abad Area,
Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, West-Central Iran









Doctoral Thesis
(Dissertation)

to be awarded the degree of
Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.)






submitted by

MOHAMMAD ALI NEKOUVAGHT TAK

from Tehran, Iran



approved by the Faculty of Energy and Economic Sciences
Technical University of Clausthal




Date of oral examination
19 February 2008




































Chairperson of the Board of Examiners: Prof. Dr. H. Y. Schenk-Mathes
Chief Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Bernd Lehmann
Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Kurt Mengel


This dissertation was undertaken at the Economic Geology Group of the Institute of
Mineralogy and Mineral Resources of the Technical University of Clausthal.

The children of Humanity are each other’s limbs
That share an origin in their creator
When one limb passes its days in pain
The other limbs cannot remain easy
You who feel no pain at the suffering of others
It is not fitting you be called human

Die Kinder Adams sind aus einem Stoff gemacht,
als Glieder eines Leibs von Gott, dem Herrn, erdacht.
Sobald ein Leid geschieht nur einem dieser Glieder,
dann klingt sein Schmerz sogleich in Ihnen allen wieder.
Ein Mensch, den nicht die Not der Menschenbrüder rührt,
verdient nicht, dass er noch des Menschen Namen führt
Saadi (1184-1283 AD)



To my family
and
memory of my father
Table of contents

Content Page

Acknowledgments IV
Abstract V

Chapter 1 1
1 Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Objectives 1
1.3 Methodology 1
1.4 Regional geology 2
1.5 Economic geology 4
1.6 Geology of the Shazand quadrangle 5

Chapter 2 8
2 Magmatism 8
2.1 Petrography 8
2.1.1 Astaneh intrusion 8
2.1.2 Nezam Abad-Malmir complex 8
2.1.2.1 Granodiorite 9
2.1.2.2 Quartzdiorite-tonalite 9
2.1.2.3 Pegmatites 10
2.1.2.4 Aplite 10
2.1.3 Gousheh intrusion 11
2.1.4 Shirmazd Mountain 11
2.2 Geochemistry 11
2.2.1 Rock classification 11
2.2.2 Petrogenesis 11
2.2.2.1 Variation diagrams of major elements 14
2.2.2.2 Variation diagrams of trace elements 15
2.3 Classification of magma series 18
2.3.1 Alkalinity 18
2.3.2 Aluminosity 18
2.4 Tectonic setting 18
I
Content Page

2.5 Spider diagrams 18
2.6 Magnetite-ilmenite series and I-S type classification 22
2.7 Isotope data 23

Chapter 3 27
3 Nezam Abad tungsten ore deposit 27
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Mine geology 28
3.3 Vein mineralogy 29
3.4 Comments on scheelite, tourmaline and arsenopyrite 36
3.4.1 Scheelite 36
3.4.2 Tourmaline and the source of boron 40
3.4.3 Arsenopyrite 47
3.5 Hydrothermal alteration 47
3.6 Geochemistry of the ore deposit 51
3.7 Oxygen isotope data 52

Chapter 4 54
4 Astaneh gold prospect 54
4.1 Introduction 54
4.2 Geology of the prospect 55
4.3 Alteration 57
4.4 Mineralization 57
4.5 Ore mineralogy 57
4.6 Paragenetic sequence 64
4.7 Geochemistry 64
4.8 Isotope data 65

Chapter 5 67
5 Deh Hossein Sn-Au-Cu prospect 67
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 Geology of the prospect 67
5.3 Alteration 68
II
Content Page

5.4 Mineralization 70
5.5 Ore mineralogy 70
5.6 Paragenetic sequence 76
5.7 More comments on sphalerite 76
5.8 Geochemistry 78
5.9 Isotope data 80

Chapter 6 81
6 Conclusion and proposed genetic model 81

References 86

Appendix 1 94
Appendix 2 97
Appendix 3 100
Appendix 4 101
Appendix 5 104
Appendix 6 105













III
Acknowledgments

This Ph.D thesis was supported by a research grant of German Academic Exchange
Services (DAAD) for stay in Germany and studies at the Institute of Mineralogy and Mineral
Resources, Technical University of Clausthal. I would like to thank, Prof. Bernd Lehmann for
constructive comments throughout this research. I am obliged to express my gratitude for his
careful scrutiny of the manuscript and patience to conduct this research to the end.
This research has benefitted scientifically and logistically from the following
individuals:
Special acknowledgment must be made to Dr. Eike Gierth for his valuable support during ore
microscopy study. Prof. Kurt Mengel is appreciated for constructive scientific discussions.
Fred Türck and Ulf Hemmerling are thanked for computer assistance and sample preparation,
respectively. Helga Vollbrecht is thanked for administrative support. I wish to appreciate the
patience of Klaus Herrmann for his help with electron microprobe analysis.
Special thanks must go to Prof. Kamal Bazargani at Department of Geology, Tehran
University, for his motivation and scientific discussions during the last 16 years. I wish to
thank Eng. M. T. Korehee, chief of the Geological Survey of Iran, for providing necessary
facilities during field work. Much credit is due to Eng. Hojat Jahangiri, expert of Geological
Survey of Iran for immense help during field work and elucidating local geologic aspects of
the study area. Eng. Ahmad Kazemi, former expert of the Remote Sensing department of the
Geological Survey of Iran is acknowledged for processing of satellite images, collaboration
during field work and constructive comments. I am sincerely grateful to my Ph.D colleagues
who did not deny their kind assistance wherever and whenever it was needed.
Last but not least, I would like to express my everlasting gratitude to my wife, Arefeh,
for her unlimited supports throughout our common life. Without her sacrifices, motivation
and kindness this research would not have been materialized. My son, Dana, gave me energy
and motivation by his birth, laugh and cry to overcome difficulties and fulfil this research.

IV
Abstract

The Astaneh-Nezam Abad area is located in the NW-SE trending Sanandaj-Sirjan
continental arc of west-central Iran. Mesozoic low-grade regional metamorphic rocks are
intruded by Mid-Jurassic, Late Cretaceous and Eocene I-type, calc-alkaline, peraluminous to
metaluminous felsic intrusions of ilmenite-series affinity. The dominantly crustal nature of
87 86this magmatism is indicated by initial Sr/ Sr ratios and values of 0.705-0.711 and -0.4 Nd
to -6.3 for the Astaneh granite/granodiorite and 0.707-0.712 and –3.2 to –6.4 for the Nezam
Abad quartzdiorite, respectively.
The study area hosts three ore deposits/prospects: (1) The Nezam Abad tungsten deposit
is of vein type with quartz-tourmaline W±Sn Au mineralization hosted by Eocene
quartzdioritic units of the composite Nezam-Abad-Malmir intrusion. Ore minerals include
scheelite, cassiterite, and a variety of sulfide minerals with locally high amounts of invisible
gold. (2) The Astaneh gold prospect consists of gold-bearing quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-
arsenopyrite veins and disseminations in altered microgranite of the Eocene Shirmazd
87 86intrusion. The mineralized microgranite has initial Sr/ Sr around 0.705 and positive of Nd
1.7 to 2.0, i.e. displays more mantle input than the other intrusive rocks. (3) The polymetallic
(Sn-Au-Cu) Deh Hossein prospect is characterized by quartz-sulfide veins and their gossans
in Jurassic meta-sedimentary rocks. Gold, cassiterite and a variety of sulfide minerals occur in
quartz veins and disseminated in the meta-sedimentary host rock. The sulfide assemblage of
chalcopyrite-arsenopyrite-pyrite-pyrrhotite defines a relatively low oxidation state of the
hydrothermal system.
Hydrothermal alteration is not pervasive and, apart from strong tourmalinization at
Nezam Abad, is characterized by weak sericitization, chloritization, silicification and minor
carbonatization. Overall, the sulfide content is low. Gold occurs as free visible Au in quartz
and in alluvial deposits, as well as invisible in arsenopyrite. Bismuth minerals, including,
bismuthinite, native bismuth and Bi-Te-Pb-S phases in arsenopyrite, are common.
34 34Sulfur isotope data on arsenopyrite (-0.7‰ δ S) and chalcopyrite (0.4‰ δ S) support
18an igneous sulfur origin for the Astaneh system. The δ O values of hydrothermal quartz from
Nezam Abad (11.9 to 13.6‰), Astaneh (11.5 to 13.3‰) and Deh Hossein (15.5 to 19.4‰)
confirm the magmatic or magmatic-metamorphic origin of the hydrothermal fluids.
The mineral deposits studied have a geochemical Te-Au-Bi-As-Sb-Ag signature in
common, are relatively low in base metals, low in oxidation state, and are associated with
granitic intrusions of relatively reduced nature (ilmenite series). These are features typical of
intrusion-related gold systems. Th