Maximizing tourism's contribution to poverty reduction in Rwanda [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Michael Großpietsch

Michael Grosspietsch

Sujets

• Social work

Informations

• Publié par: westfalische_wilhelms-universitat_munster
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 20
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Fachgebiet: Politikwissenschaft






Maximizing tourism’s contribution to
poverty reduction in Rwanda






Inaugural-Dissertation

zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades

der

Philosophischen Fakultät

der

Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität

zu

Münster (Westf.)

vorgelegt von

Michael Großpietsch

aus Quakenbrück

2007


Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 20. Dezember 2007

Dekan: Prof. Dr. Schubert

Referent: Dr. Kevenhörster

Koreferent: Dr. van den Boom










Maximizing tourism’s contribution to
poverty reduction in Rwanda






Dissertation

to be submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)

by advanced study in International Relations

at the Graduate School of Politics

of the Westphalian Wilhelms-University

in Münster / Germany







Presented by

Michael Großpietsch,
Maîtrise en Droit (Paris), M.A./DESS (Toulouse), M.Sc. (Greenwich)

(December 2007) IV
Table of contents


Table of contents......................................................................................................................................... IV
List of tables ............................................................................................................................................... VII
List of figures............................................................................................................................................. VIII
List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... IX
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................... XII
I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1
II. POVERTY REDUCTION – THEORY AND CURRENT-DAY BEST PRACTICE ... 6
II.1. Facets of poverty..............................................................................................................................6
II.2. Poverty – the sub-Saharan African case .....................................................................................13
II.3. The basics of poverty reduction – growth or pro-poor growth .................................................21
II.4. How to achieve pro-poor growth – a historical perspective......................................................25
II.5. How to achievewth – a post-neoliberal stance.....................................................29
II.5.1. The primacy of free markets ............................................................................................31
II.5.2. The subsidiary role of the state .......................................................................................33
II.5.2.1. Providing an enabling institutional environment34
II.5.2.2. Correction of market failures39
II.5.2.3. Redistributive measures ..............................................................................................43
II.5.2.4. Providing merit goods..................................................................................................47
II.5.2.5. Further proactive measures.........................................................................................52
II.5.3. Polity choices in sub-Saharan Africa..............................................................................57
II.5.4. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................61
III. APPLYING THE MODEL OF A POST-NEOLIBERAL POVERTY REDUCTION
APPROACH TO TOURISM ................................................................................. 64
III.1. Introduction to tourism..................................................................................................................66
III.1.1. Understanding tourism as an economic sector .................................................................67
III.1.1.1. Demand side – the tourist ............................................................................................68
III.1.1.2. Supply side – the industry ...........................................................................................69
III.1.1.3. The host destination.....................................................................................................72
III.1.2. Industry trends.......................................................................................................................78
III.1.3. Tourism and development strategies..................................................................................80
III.1.4. Opportunities of tourism for economic development and poverty reduction in Africa.83
III.1.5. Developing new approaches to tourism: pro-poor tourism..............................................87
III.2. Mechanisms to achieve pro-poor growth through tourism .......................................................96
III.2.1. Private sector level: the tourism industry.........................................................................100
III.2.1.1. Philanthropy ................................................................................................................102
III.2.1.2. Staff ..............................................................................................................................105
III.2.1.3. Supply chain106
III.2.1.4. Other tourism and tourism-related enterprises111
III.2.1.5. Business and general neighborhood partnerships with communities.................116 V
III.2.2. Public sector level: government ........................................................................................118
III.2.2.1. Providing an enabling institutional environment ....................................................119
III.2.2.2. Correction of market failures.....................................................................................121
III.2.2.3. Redistributive measures ............................................................................................123
III.2.2.4. Providing merit goods................................................................................................124
III.2.2.5. Further proactive measures.......................................................................................125
III.3. Methodology for analyzing tourism’s poverty-reducing impacts on a national level...........130
IV. RESULTS OF A TOURISM-RELATED DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF
RWANDA........................................................................................................... 133
IV.1. Country environment ...................................................................................................................133
IV.1.1. Physical geography.............................................................................................................133
IV.1.2. History...................................................................................................................................138
IV.1.2.1. Pre-colonial times .......................................................................................................138
IV.1.2.2. Colonial times..............................................................................................................141
IV.1.2.3. From independence to the 1994 genocide ...............................................................144
IV.1.2.4. Post-genocide legacy, reconstruction and transition.............................................149
IV.1.3. Society and culture152
IV.1.3.1. Social diversity153
IV.1.3.2. Gender relations..........................................................................................................156
IV.1.3.3. Private social safety nets ...........................................................................................159
IV.1.4. Geopolitics ...........................................................................................................................160
IV.1.4.1. International security relations..................................................................................160
IV.1.4.2. Participation in regional groups................................................................................163
IV.1.4.3. International commitments – human rights and environmental protection .........165
IV.1.4.4. t commitments – trade ...........................................................................167
IV.1.4.5. Aid..172
IV.2. Basic elements of human development.....................................................................................174
IV.2.1. Extreme poverty and hunger..............................................................................................175
IV.2.2. Education.................................................................................................