Process development for the manufacturing of flat knitted innovative 3D spacer fabrics for high performance composite applications [Elektronische Ressource] / Md. Abounaim

Description

Process development for the manufacturing of at knittedinnovative 3D spacer fabrics for high performance compositeapplicationsVon der Fakult at MaschinenwesenderTechnischen Universit at DresdenzurErlangung des akademischen GradesDoktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.)angenommene DissertationM. Sc. Md. Abounaimgeb. am 04.06.1978 in Pirojpur, BangladeshTag der Einreichung: 05.11.2010Tag der Verteidigung: 01.02.2011Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dipl.-Wirt. Ing. Chokri CherifProf. Dr.-Ing. Burkhard WulfhorstProf. Dr.-Ing. Jens-Peter MajschakVorsitzender der PromotionskommissionAcknowledgmentsI would rst and foremost like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dipl.-Wirt.Ing. Chokri Cherif for his support and invaluable guidance during this research. I amvery grateful for his steady encouragement and readiness to help. His vision, ideas andcomments on various issues have contributed to the quality of this dissertation.It is an honour for me to thank Prof. Dr.-Ing. Burkhard Wulfhorst, for his acceptanceto referee this dissertation.I must also acknowledge Dr.-Ing. Olaf Diestel for his great support as the group leaderand Dr.-Ing. Gerald Ho mann for his invaluable advice as the project head. I would liketo thank my research group fellows for their support. I also like to pay my gratitudeto all the employees of Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance MaterialTechnology, who have made available their support in a number of ways.

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_dresden
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 41
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 10 Mo

Extrait

M. Sc. Md. Abounaim

angenommene Dissertation

Von der Fakultät Maschinenwesen

Prof. Dr.Ing. Burkhard Wulfhorst

Erlangung des akademischen Grades

geb. am 04.06.1978 in Pirojpur, Bangladesh

Gutachter:

Prof. Dr.Ing. habil. Dipl.Wirt. Ing. Chokri Cherif

Tag der Verteidigung: 01.02.2011

Technischen Universität Dresden

zur

Doktoringenieur (Dr.Ing.)

der

Tag der Einreichung: 05.11.2010

Vorsitzender der Promotionskommission

Prof. Dr.Ing. JensPeter Majschak

Process development for the manufacturing of flat knitted innovative 3D spacer fabrics for high performance composite applications

Acknowledgments

I would first and foremost like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr.Ing. habil. Dipl.Wirt. Ing. Chokri Cherif for his support and invaluable guidance during this research. I am very grateful for his steady encouragement and readiness to help. His vision, ideas and comments on various issues have contributed to the quality of this dissertation.

It is an honour for me to thank Prof. Dr.Ing. Burkhard Wulfhorst, for his acceptance to referee this dissertation.

I must also acknowledge Dr.Ing. Olaf Diestel for his great support as the group leader and Dr.Ing. Gerald Hoffmann for his invaluable advice as the project head. I would like to thank my research group fellows for their support. I also like to pay my gratitude to all the employees of Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology, who have made available their support in a number of ways. Especially, Mr. Mirko Krziwon for helping to carry out the experimental part of this research work.

This Dissertation was carried out under the Collaborative Research Project “SFB 639, TPA3” financed by the German Research Foundation (DFG). I am very much grateful for this financial support. I also show gratitude to German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for the financial support during my master’s study from 20042006 and fulfilling my dream to study in Germany.

I am thankful to the Bangladeshi community and friends living in Dresden and especially to Mr. Mir Mohammad Badrul Hasan and Mr. Mohammad Abu Shayed for their support and encouragement.

I really wish to express my heartfelt thanks to my late father Md. Balayet Hossain Sardar, my mother Mrs. Nasima Begum and my late eldest brother Zahidur Rahman for their guidance, encouragement and moral support throughout my life.

Last but not least, special thanks to my beloved wife Sahanaz Parvin. I express my deepest gratitude for her much patience and tolerance during the preparation of the thesis. Without her constant support and encouragement, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.

Dresden, 05.11.2010

Md. Abounaim

Contents

SymbolsandAbbreviations

1

2

3

Introduction

Flat knitting technology

2.1

2.2

Basic principles and structures of flat knitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Automatic power flat knitting machine and its modern features . . . . .

2.2.1

2.2.2

2.2.3

2.2.4

2.2.5

2.2.6

2.2.7

2.2.8

2.2.9

CAD system and modern programming installation . . . . . . . .

Electronic controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Individual needle selection capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fullyfashioning or shapeknitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seamless knitting (knit and wear) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Stitch pressingdown devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Multigauge technique

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Advanced takedown system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Needle bed racking . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

State of the Art of 3D Spacer Fabric for Composite

3.1

Textile reinforced composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vi

1

9

9

13

14

14

14

15

15

15

16

16

16

19

19

ii

Current research on the development of weft knitted spacer fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

36

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

32

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

Aramid fiber (AF)

21

Table of Contents

41

. . . . . . . . .

22

41

43

34

Weft knitted spacer fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

27

23

27

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Manufacturing of textile composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

26

25

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

. . . . . . . . . . .

28

34

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.1.3

3.2.1.2

Carbon fiber (CF)

Thermoplastic matrix materials

Manufacturing of hybrid yarn

Glass fiber (GF)

High performance fibers

Hybrid yarn for textile reinforced thermoplastic composite

3.2.1.1

Braided spacer fabrics

Woven spacer fabrics . .

3.2.3

Warp knitted spacer fabrics

Stitched spacer fabrics

3.3.5

3.4.1

3.4

3.4.2

3.3.6

3.3.3

3.3

3.3.2

3.3.1

3.2.1

3.3.4

3.1.1.1

3.2.2

Spacer fabrics . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.1.2

Panelstructures in lightweight application

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

Thermoset composite manufacturing

3.1.1

Thermoplastic composite manufacturing

Advantages of thermoplastic composites

Application of conventional spacer fabrics

panelstructures

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.5.1

3.3.5.2

Spacer fabrics by circular and flat knitting . . . . . . . .

Strength characteristics of aluminium honeycomb sandwich panels

Conventional

3.2

3.1.2

61

Required technical features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65

64

45

iii

5.1

Ultimate compressive strength of alumunium honeycomb panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Carriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

51

67

68

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4

Potential panelstructures on the basis of textile composites using innovative 3D spacer fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Comparison of textile technologies for the manufacturing of 3D textile preforms for panelstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Disadvantages of conventional panelstructures . . . . . . . . . . .

50

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1.3

Needle bed

55

61

57

Table of Contents

Selection of flat knitting machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

74

73

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

71

71

Flat knitting machine: Steiger Aries.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

68

66

Carriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Technologycomparison of flat knitting machines . . . . . . . . . .

Needle bed

Yarn feeder

5.1.4.1

5.1.4.2

5.1.4.3

Flexural behaviours of alumunium honeycomb panels . .

48

3.4.2.1

3.4.2.2

3.4.5

3.4.4

3.4.3

Objective of the Research

Flat knitting machine: Stoll CMS 320TC . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CADpatterning software: SIRIX & M1plus

61

5

5.1.2

5.1.1

Knitting zone and knitting elements

. . . . . . . . . . .

62

Development of flat knitting technology for 3D spacer fabrics

5.1.4

5.1.3.2

5.1.3.1

5.1.3.6

Takedown system

5.1.3.3

5.1.3.4

5.1.3.5

CADpatterning software: Model

5.3

109

88

Concepts for the integration of reinforcement yarns into knit struc tures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

117

114

Development and manufacturing of 3D spacer fabrics without any reinforcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Development and manufacturing of 3D spacer fabrics with 4 rein forcement layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103

Thermoplastic consolidation of 3D spacer fabrics into composites .

111

91

85

3D spacer fabric with 4 reinforcement layers . . . . . . .

Integration of “sensornetwork” (functional yarn) for structural health monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

105

5.3.7.2

5.3.7.1

5.3.8

5.3.9

Analysis of mechanical properties of spacer fabrics

101

. . .

5.3.4

Development and manufacturing of various 3D tubular structures

5.3.5

Development and manufacturing of 3D spacer fabrics with course directional reinforcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3.2

5.3.3

Materials

5.3.1

5.2

iv

5.1.4.6

5.1.4.5

5.3.6

Multilayer reinforced curvilinear 3D spacer fabrics

5.1.4.4

5.3.7

5.3.6.1

5.3.6.2

Development and manufacturing of multilayered 3D spacer fabrics

Yarn feeder

Curvilinear 3D spacer fabrics with 4 reinforcement layers

Knitting zone and knitting elements

. . . . . . . . . . .

76

78

Structural variation of 3D spacer fabrics

Takedown system

. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Development and manufacturing of 3D spacer fabrics

75

6

74

77

96

98

Multilayered 3D spacer fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

78

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table of Contents

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

123

124

125

Measuring the mechanical properties of 2D knit composites . . . .

7.1

7.2

7.3

. . .

147

Calculation and comparison of tensile strengths of commingled hybrid yarns134

139

128

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

121

Tensile properties of reinforcement yarns and 2D knit fabrics . . .

Table of Contents

6.1

169

Effect of dissimilar integration of reinforcement yarns on the mechanical properties of 2D knit composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of Tables

9

118

v

Calculation and comparison of tensile properties of knit composites

Advantages and potential spacer fabrics

8

List of Figures

Bibliography

SummaryandOutlook

6.2.3

7

6.2.4

Flexural properties of 2D knit composites

Tensile testing of reinforcement yarns and 2D knit fabrics . . . . .

6.1.2

6.1.1

6.2.2

6.2

6.2.1

Mathematical analysis of tensile properties

Effect of different integration techniques of reinforcement yarns on the tensile properties of GFPP hybrid yarns and 2D knit fabrics . . . . . . .

Calculation and comparison of tensile strength of multilayer reinforced 2D knitted fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

157

163

171

applications of flat knitted innovative 3D 153

Tensile properties of 2D knit composites

Impact properties of 2D knit composites

133

127

118

SymbolsandAbbreviations

Symbol

IPCC

G8 ◦ C CO 2 UD EU FRP GF PP 2D 3D CAD $U S RTM VI SRIM Pa.s. T m T c

Designation

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change The Group of Eight Degree Celsius Carbon Dioxide Unidirectional The European Union Fiber Reinforced Plastic Glass Fiber Polypropylene Two Dimensional Three Dimensional Computer Aided Design The United States Dollar Resin Transfer Moulding Vacuum Infusion Structural Reaction Injection Moulding PascalSecond Melt Temperature Crystallisation Temperature

List of Symbols and Abbreviations

Symbol

T g CF PAN AF MPa GPa µm PEEK PET PPS APS t f h c h I f b A m m f m c ρ ca d

t c ρ c t eq E f

Designation

vii

Glass Transation Temperature Carbon Fiber Polyacrylonitrile Aramid Fiber Mega Pascal Giga Pascal Micro Metre Polyether Ether Ketone Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyphenylene Sulfide Active Protection System Thickness of Facing Core Height Sandwich Panel Height Moment of Inertia Breadth of Sandwich Panel Vertical Area of the Unit Honeycomb Core Mass of the Honeycomb Sandwich Panel Mass of Facing Material Mass of Core Material Average Density of Honeycomb Core Breadth of Single Edge of Honeycomb Core Cell Wall Thickness of Honeycomb Core Cell Density of Honeycomb Core Material Equivalent Thickness Elastic Modulus of Facing Material