Party Transformations in European Democracies

André Krouwel

Description

Political parties regularly change and adapt in response to ever-changing circumstances. Until now these changes have frequently prompted both scholars and the media to suggest a whole new type of political party, and over time the number of models and types has proliferated to the point of confusion, contradiction, and a loss of explanatory power. In this sophisticated yet accessible study, André Krouwel rejects this mélange of models as inadequate. He utilizes a wide range of data sources to analyze the ideological, organizational, and electoral change undergone by more than one hundred European parties in fifteen different countries, from Scandinavia to the Iberian Peninsula, between 1945 and 2010. The result is one of the most comprehensive empirically grounded studies to date of the genesis, development, and transformation of political parties in advanced democratic states.
Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Introduction

1. Party Models

2. Measuring Party Change

3. On the Origin of Species

4. Electoral Transformation of Parties

5. Ideological Transformation of Parties

6. Organizational Transformation of European Parties

7. Cartel Failure and Populist Success

Appendix 1. West European Political Parties Included in this Study
Appendix 2. Variable List
Appendix 3. New Parties in Europe

References
Index

Sujets

• Political party
• Comparative politics

Informations

• Publié par: State University of New York Press
• Date de parution: 20 novembre 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781438444833
• Langue: English

Extrait

PARTY TRANSFORMATIONS IN EUROPEAN DEMOCRACIES
ANDRÉ KROUWEL
S TATE U NIVERSITY OF N EW Y ORK P RESS

Published by S TATE U NIVERSITY OF N EW Y ORK P RESS , A LBANY
© 2012 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.
For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu
Production, Laurie Searl Marketing, Anne M. Valentine
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Krouwel, André.
Party transformations in European democracies / André Krouwel.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4384-4481-9 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Political parties—Europe. 2. Political party organization—Europe. I. Title.
JN50.K76 2012
324.2094—dc23
2012002856
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES Figure 2.1 Origin of political parties. Figure 2.2 Electoral dimensions of party models. Figure 2.3 Ideological dimensions of party models. Figure 2.4 Organisational dimensions of party models. Figure 3.1 Age of largest parties over time. Figure 3.2 Rank order by vote-share of European party families. Figure 3.3 Number of splits, mergers and name changes per time period. Figure 3.4 Number of splits, mergers and name changes by country. Figure 3.5 Number of splits, mergers and name changes by party family. Figure 3.6 Number of genuinely new parties in Europe. Figure 3.7 Relative strength of new versus old parties in Europe. Figure 4.1 Percentage of seats for new parties in 15 European democracies, 1945–2010 Figure 4.2 Electoral volatility by country. Figure 4.3a Trends in general party identification. Figure 4.3b Trends in strong party identification. Figure 4.4a Manual minus non-manual support for parties, by party family (N = 472). Figure 4.4b Manual minus non-manual support for leftist parties, by party family (N = 176). Figure 4.4c Manual versus non-manual support for rightist parties, by party family (N = 246). Figure 4.4d Non-manual support minus meanual support for social democratic parties (N = 100). Figure 4.4e Non-manual support minus manual support for communist parties (N = 47). Figure 4.4f Non-manual support minus manual support for Christian democratic parties (N = 73). Figure 4.4g Non-manual support minus manual support for liberal parties (N = 122). Figure 4.4h Non-manual support minus manual support for conservative parties (N = 51). Figure 4.5 Percentage of ministers with parliamentary experience in European democracies. Figure 4.6 Social background of MPs in eleven democracies. Figure 4.7a Social background of MPs = fulltime party employees. Figure 4.7b Social background of MPs = public sector employees. Figure 4.7c Social background of MPs = professors and teachers. Figure 4.7d Social background of MPs = journalists. Figure 4.7e Social background of MPs = judiciary. Figure 4.8a Electoral transformation of European parties by country (1945–1960). Figure 4.8b Electoral transformation of European parties by country (1961–1990). Figure 4.8c Electoral transformation of European parties by country (1991–2010). Figure 4.8d Electoral transformation of European parties by party family (1945–1960). Figure 4.8e Electoral transformation of European parties by party family (1961–1990). Figure 4.8f Electoral transformation of European parties by party family (1991–2010). Figure 5.1 Transformation of national political landscapes. Figure 5.2 Range of the political spectrum in European democracies. Figure 5.3a Distance to relative political centre on the left-right dimension (N = 975). Figure 5.3b Distance to relative political centre on the GAL-TAN dimension (N = 964). Figure 5.4 Distance to relative political centre by country Figure 5.5 Distance to the relative political spectrum on left-right and GAL-TAN dimension, by party families. Figure 5.6a Average policy flexibility across time. Figure 5.6b Average policy flexibility of European party families. Figure 5.7 Proportion of emphasis on traditional issues of all political parties, across time (N = 977). Figure 5.8 Proportion of emphasis on traditional issues across time, by party family. Figure 5.9a Ideological positions of European parties, CMP data (N = 958). Figure 5.9b Ideological positions of parties in Belgium (2001–2005 period), the Netherlands, Portugal, and Sweden (2006–2010), CMP data (N = 28). Figure 5.9c Ideological positions of European parties, Vote-Compass data (N = 33). Figure 5.10a Ideological positions of parties in the Netherlands, 2006–2010 period, CMP data. Figure 5.10b Ideological positions of parties in the Netherlands, 2006–2010 period, Vote-Compass data. Figure 5.11a Ideological positions of parties in Sweden, 2006–2010 period, CMP data. Figure 5.11b Ideological positions of parties in Sweden, 2010 election, Vote-Compass data. Figure 5.12a Ideological positions of parties in Portugal, 2009 election, CMP data. Figure 5.12b Ideological positions of parties in Portugal, 2009 election, Vote-Compass data. Figure 5.13a Ideological positions of parties competing in the 2009 European election, CMP data (N = 64). Figure 5.13b Ideological positions of parties competing in the 2009 European elections, Vote-Compass data (N = 86). Figure 5.14 Mean percentage of time in government of European families. Figure 5.15 Party families providing the prime minister by country. Figure 5.16 The mean percentage of time a party family controlled the PM portfolio. Figure 5.18a Control over top 5 traditionally preferred portfolios. Figure 5.18b Control over top 5 traditionally preferred portfolios. Figure 5.18c Control over top 5 traditionally preferred portfolios. Figure 5.18d Control over top 5 traditionally preferred portfolios. Figure 5.18e Control over top 5 traditionally preferred portfolios. Figure 5.18f Control over top 5 traditionally preferred portfolios. Figure 5.18g Control over top 5 traditionally preferred portfolios. Figure 5.18h Control over top 5 traditionally preferred portfolios. Figure 5.18i Control over top 5 traditionally preferred portfolios. Figure 5.19a Traditional ministerial control Law and Order portfolios by party family. Figure 5.19b Traditional ministerial control Economic Management portfolios by party family. Figure 5.19c Traditional ministerial control Social Welfare portfolios by party family. Figure 5.20a Ideological party transformation by country. Figure 5.20b Ideological party transformation by country. Figure 5.20c Traditional ministerial control Social Welfare portfolios by party family. Figure 5.20d Ideological party transformation by party family. Figure 5.20e Ideological party transformation by party family. Figure 5.20f Ideological party transformation by party family. Figure 6.1 Trends in party membership, by country. Figure 6.2 Membership electorate ratio of parties across time (N = 854) Figure 6.3 Membership fees as a proportion of total party income, across time (N = 377). Figure 6.4 State finance as a proportion of total party income across time (N = 343). Figure 6.5 Ratio central office staff by membership level (N = 281). Figure 6.6 Professionalization of the parliamentary party (paid staff related to seats). Figure 6.7 Openness in candidate selection in European countries. Figure 6.8 Openness in candidate selection of party families. Figure 6.9 Openness in leadership selection by country. Figure 6.10 Openness in leadership selection, by party family. Figure 6.11a Organizational transformation by country. Figure 6.11b Organizational transformation by country. Figure 7.1 Voters as consumers and commodification of parties. Figure 7.2a Party transformation vs. party models by country. Figure 7.2b Party transformation vs. party models by country. Figure 7.2c Party transformation vs. party models by country. Figure 7.2d Party transformation vs. party models by party family. Figure 7.2e Party transformation vs. party models by party family. Figure 7.2f Party transformation vs. party models by party family.

TABLES Table I.1 Clusters of party models. Table 2.1 Party models in sequence. Table 2.2 Operationalization genetic origin dimension of party transformation. Table 2.3 Operationalization of the electoral dimension of party transformation. Table 2.4 Operationalization of the ideological dimension of party transformation. Table 2.5 Operationalization of the ideological dimension of party transformation. Table 3.1 Number of new parties in 15 European democracies, 1945–2010. Table 3.2 Percentage of seats for new parties in 15 European democracies. 1945–2010. Table 3.3 Proportion by which party families are ranked in national elections. Table 3.4 Effects of party size, electoral change and ideology on party instability. Table 3.5 Core electoral statistics on genuinely new parties in Europe. Table 4.1 Percentage of seats for new parties in 15 European democracies, 1945–2010. Table 5.1 Traditional portfolio preferences of party families.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Simply too many people have helped me to write this book, making it