National Identity and Global Sports Events

Alan Tomlinson And Christopher Young - Editors

Description

National Identity and Global Sports Events looks at the significance of international sporting events and why they generate enormous audiences worldwide. Focusing on the Olympic Games and the men's football (soccer) World Cup, the contributors examine the political, cultural, economic, and ideological influences that frame these events. Selected case studies include the 1936 Nazi Olympics in Berlin, the 1934 World Cup Finals in Italy, the unique case of the 1972 Munich Games, the transformative 1984 Games in Los Angeles, and the 2002 Asian World Cup Finals, among others. The case studies show how the Olympics and the World Cup Finals provide a basis for the articulation of entrenched and dominant political ideologies, encourage persisting senses of national identity, and act as barometers for the changing ideological climate of the modern and increasingly globalized contemporary world. Through rigorous scholarly analyses, the book's contributors help to illuminate the increasing significance of large-scale sporting events on the international stage.

Acknowledgments

1. Culture, Politics, and Spectacle in the Global Sports Event—An Introduction
Alan Tomlinson and Christopher Young

2. The Theory of Spectacle: Reviewing Olympic Ethnography
John J. MacAloon

3. Italy, 1934: Football and Fascism
Robert S. C. Gordon and John London

4. Berlin, 1936: The Most Controversial Olympics
Allen Guttmann

5. England, 1966: Goal! The myth of the Golden Age
Tony Mason

6. Mexico City, 1968: Sombreros and Skyscrapers
Claire and Keith Brewster

7. Munich, 1972: Representing the Nation
Christopher Young

8. Argentina, 1978: Military Nationalism, Football, Essentialism, and Moral Ambivalence
Eduardo P. Archetti

9. Moscow, 1980: Stalinism or Good, Clean Fun?
Robert Edelman

10. Los Angeles, 1984 and 1932: Commercializing the American Dream
Alan Tomlinson

11. Barcelona, 1992: Evaluating the Olympic Legacy
Christopher Kennett and Miquel de Moragas

12. Sydney, 2000: Sociality and Spaciality in Global Media Events
David Rowe and Deborah Stevenson

13. Japan/Korea, 2002: Public Space and Popular Celebration
Soon-Hee Whang

Index

Sujets

• Sport
• Autour du sport
• Jeux Olympiques
• Autres sports
• Jeux olympiques
• Sociology

Informations

• Publié par: State University of New York Press
• Date de parution: 01 février 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780791482483
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

National Identity and Global Sports Events

SUNY series on Sport, Culture, and Social Relations CL Cole and Michael A. Messner, editors

National Identity and Global Sports Events

Culture, Politics, and Spectacle in the Olympics and the Football World Cup

Edited by Alan Tomlinson and Christopher Young

State University of New York Press

Published by State University of New York Press, Albany

© 2006 State University of New York

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever Without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.

For information, address State University of New York Press, 194 Washington Avenue, Suite 305, Albany, NY 122102384

Production by Michael Haggett Marketing by Michael Campochiaro

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

National identity and global sports events / culture, politics, and spectacle in the Olympics and the football World Cup / edited by Alan Tomlinson and Christopher Young. p. cm. — (SUNY series on sport, culture, and social relations) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0791466159 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Nationalism and sports—History. 2. Sports and globalization—History. 3 Sports—Sociological aspects—Crosscultural studies. I. Tomlinson, Alan. II. Young, Christopher, 1967– III. Series. GV706.34.N38 2005 306.4'83—dc22 2004029962

ISBN13: 9780791466155 (hardcover : alk. paper)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Contents

Culture, Politics, and Spectacle in the Global Sports Event—An Introduction Alan Tomlinson and Christopher Young

The Theory of Spectacle: Reviewing Olympic Ethnography John J. MacAloon

Italy 1934: Football and Fascism Robert S. C. Gordon and John London

Berlin 1936: The Most Controversial Olympics Allen Guttmann

England 1966: Traditional and Modern? Tony Mason

Mexico City 1968: Sombreros and Skyscrapers Claire and Keith Brewster

Munich 1972: Representing the Nation Christopher Young

v

vii

1

4

1

5

1

65

8

9

3

9

117

vi

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Contributors

Index

C ONTENTS

Argentina 1978: Military Nationalism, Football Essentialism, and Moral Ambivalence Eduardo P. Archetti

Moscow 1980: Stalinism or Good, Clean Fun? Robert Edelman

Los Angeles 1984 and 1932: American Dream Alan Tomlinson

Commercializing the

Barcelona 1992: Evaluating the Olympic Legacy Christopher Kennett and Miquel de Moragas

Sydney 2000: Sociality and Spatiality in Global Media Events David Rowe and Deborah Stevenson

Korea and Japan 2002: Public Space and Popular Celebration SoonHee Whang

Books in Series

133

149

163

177

197

215

233

237

245

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank the bursar and staff of Pembroke College, Cambridge, who made possible the initial workshop of this project in such relaxed and congenial surroundings in July 2003. The Thomas Gray Room provided the perfect am biance for a collaborative exchange between scholars. The University of Brighton provided essential financial support for the editorial process. John Heath went about the formatting of the manuscript with the unflappability of a Yorkshire batsman. Paul Gilchrist provided valuable organizational support at the Pem broke College event, and compiled the index.

We are very grateful to CL Cole, the series editor at State University of New York Press, for accepting this volume into her series and contributing to the final contours of the project by attending the workshop. Thanks are due in no small measure to Toby Miller who, like Ben Carrington, read our initial pro ject outline with great interest, and also put us in contact with State University of New York Press.

We wish to thank all those who attended the workshop from all around the world and made such critical, yet supportive, responses to everyone’s work.

Alan Tomlinson Chelsea School University of Brighton

September 2003

vii

Christopher Young Pembroke College University of Cambridge

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Chapter 1

Culture, Politics, and Spectacle in the Global Sports Event —An Introduction

Alan Tomlinson and Christopher Young

The political exploitation of the global sports spectacle and the cultural and economic ramifications of its staging have been critical indices of the intensify ing globalization of both media and sport. Sports events celebrating the body and physical culture have long been driven by political and ideological motives, from the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome to the societies of early modern Europe, in more modern Western societies as well as less developed and nonWestern ones. This is never more so than when such events purport to be spheres of neutrality and embodiments of universalist and idealist principles. Spectacles have been justified on the basis of their potential to realize shared, global modes of identity and interdependence, making real the sense of a global civil society. Understanding this form of spectacle, and the extent to which its claimed goals have been met or compromised, contributes to an understanding of the sources of ethnocentrism, and to debates concerning the possibility of a cultural cosmopolitanism combining rivalry, respect, and reciprocal under standing. Analyzing the global sports spectacle is a way of reviewing the con tribution of international sport to the globalization process generally, and to processes and initiatives of global inclusion and exclusion. The most dramatic and high profile of such spectacles have been the modern Olympic Games and the men’s football World Cup (henceforth World Cup). Such sporting encounters and contests have provided a source of and a focus for the staging of spectacle and, in an era of international mass communications, the media event. In any history of globalization, it would be an oversight to omit coverage of the foundation and growth of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), founded in 1894 and 1904 respectively. The growth of these organizations, and of their major events, has provided a platform for national pride and prestige. Greece saw the symbolic potential of staging an international event such as the first modern Olympics in 1896 to both assert its incipient modernity and to deflect domestic tensions. Uruguay, having cultivated double Olympic soccer

1